syzbot


kernel BUG in ext4_writepages

Status: upstream: reported C repro on 2022/10/18 14:12
Bug presence: origin:upstream
Subsystems: ext4
[Documentation on labels]
Reported-by: syzbot+a158d886ca08a3fecca4@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
First crash: 548d, last: 1d08h
Cause bisection: failed (error log, bisect log)
  
Discussions (2)
Title Replies (including bot) Last reply
[PATCH v2] ext4: fix race condition between buffer write and page_mkwrite 14 (14) 2024/04/15 14:07
[PATCH] ext4: fix race condition between buffer write and page_mkwrite 7 (7) 2023/05/30 13:19
Bug presence (2)
Date Name Commit Repro Result
2023/09/04 lts (merge base) 8f790700c974 C [report] kernel BUG in ext4_write_inline_data_end
2023/09/04 upstream (ToT) 708283abf896 C [report] kernel BUG in ext4_do_writepages
Similar bugs (9)
Kernel Title Repro Cause bisect Fix bisect Count Last Reported Patched Status
linux-4.19 kernel BUG at fs/ext4/inode.c:LINE! ext4 C error 145 408d 1282d 0/1 upstream: reported C repro on 2020/10/14 01:19
android-54 kernel BUG at fs/ext4/inode.c:LINE! ext4 C 155 5d00h 1556d 0/2 upstream: reported C repro on 2020/01/14 12:13
linux-5.15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages origin:upstream C error 36 2d08h 402d 0/3 upstream: reported C repro on 2023/03/13 06:22
linux-4.14 kernel BUG at fs/ext4/inode.c:LINE! ext4 C 11 416d 1210d 0/1 upstream: reported C repro on 2020/12/25 03:51
linux-6.1 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages origin:upstream C 50 4d19h 403d 0/3 upstream: reported C repro on 2023/03/12 17:26
android-5-10 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages C error 5 548d 710d 2/2 fixed on 2022/11/16 18:44
android-6-1 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages origin:upstream C error 31 16h55m 318d 0/2 upstream: reported C repro on 2023/06/05 07:33
upstream kernel BUG in mpage_prepare_extent_to_map ext4 C done error 145 492d 1053d 0/26 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2024/03/07 20:46
android-5-10 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages (2) ext4 C error inconclusive 114 1d03h 508d 0/2 upstream: reported C repro on 2022/11/27 00:51
Last patch testing requests (14)
Created Duration User Patch Repo Result
2024/04/17 12:06 11m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2024/04/17 12:06 13m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2024/04/17 12:06 12m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2024/04/17 12:06 37m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2024/04/17 12:06 14m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2024/03/16 13:34 7m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2024/03/16 13:34 17m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2024/03/16 13:34 13m retest repro android13-5.15-lts report log
2022/12/07 03:56 7m jun.nie@linaro.org patch upstream report log
2022/12/02 06:23 10m jun.nie@linaro.org patch upstream report log
2022/12/02 01:54 8m jun.nie@linaro.org upstream report log
2022/12/01 09:01 7m jun.nie@linaro.org git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git linux-5.15.y report log
2022/12/01 01:15 7m jun.nie@linaro.org patch android13-5.15-lts report log
2022/11/30 11:50 7m jun.nie@linaro.org android13-5.15-lts report log
Fix bisection attempts (2)
Created Duration User Patch Repo Result
2023/04/21 14:59 24m bisect fix android13-5.15-lts job log (0) log
2022/11/17 14:08 16m bisect fix android13-5.15-lts job log (0) log

Sample crash report:
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at fs/ext4/inode.c:2735!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN
CPU: 0 PID: 1020 Comm: kworker/u4:3 Tainted: G        W         5.15.148-syzkaller-00718-g993bed180178 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/25/2024
Workqueue: writeback wb_workfn (flush-7:0)
RIP: 0010:ext4_writepages+0x3fe6/0x4000 fs/ext4/inode.c:2734
Code: 89 de e8 4d c9 87 ff 45 84 f6 75 2c e8 b3 c6 87 ff 49 be 00 00 00 00 00 fc ff df 4c 8b 64 24 50 e9 e4 c5 ff ff e8 9a c6 87 ff <0f> 0b e8 93 c6 87 ff e8 ba 26 18 ff eb 9b e8 87 c6 87 ff e8 ae 26
RSP: 0018:ffffc90000c37000 EFLAGS: 00010293
RAX: ffffffff81e85ae6 RBX: 0000008000000000 RCX: ffff88810eb3e2c0
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000008000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: ffffc90000c37410 R08: ffffffff81e85256 R09: ffffed1024a07dec
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: dffffc0000000001 R12: ffffc90000c377d0
R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 000000c410000000 R15: 0000000000000001
FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff8881f7000000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 0000000020781000 CR3: 00000001087ce000 CR4: 00000000003506b0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 do_writepages+0x40e/0x670 mm/page-writeback.c:2366
 __writeback_single_inode+0xdf/0xa70 fs/fs-writeback.c:1647
 writeback_sb_inodes+0xb2a/0x1920 fs/fs-writeback.c:1930
 wb_writeback+0x3b9/0x9e0 fs/fs-writeback.c:2104
 wb_do_writeback fs/fs-writeback.c:2247 [inline]
 wb_workfn+0x3d9/0x1110 fs/fs-writeback.c:2288
 process_one_work+0x6bb/0xc10 kernel/workqueue.c:2325
 worker_thread+0xad5/0x12a0 kernel/workqueue.c:2472
 kthread+0x421/0x510 kernel/kthread.c:337
 ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:298
 </TASK>
Modules linked in:
---[ end trace 54ace045b2bbb78f ]---
RIP: 0010:ext4_writepages+0x3fe6/0x4000 fs/ext4/inode.c:2734
Code: 89 de e8 4d c9 87 ff 45 84 f6 75 2c e8 b3 c6 87 ff 49 be 00 00 00 00 00 fc ff df 4c 8b 64 24 50 e9 e4 c5 ff ff e8 9a c6 87 ff <0f> 0b e8 93 c6 87 ff e8 ba 26 18 ff eb 9b e8 87 c6 87 ff e8 ae 26
RSP: 0018:ffffc90000c37000 EFLAGS: 00010293
RAX: ffffffff81e85ae6 RBX: 0000008000000000 RCX: ffff88810eb3e2c0
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000008000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: ffffc90000c37410 R08: ffffffff81e85256 R09: ffffed1024a07dec
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: dffffc0000000001 R12: ffffc90000c377d0
R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 000000c410000000 R15: 0000000000000001
FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff8881f7000000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 00007fae60b78000 CR3: 000000010c963000 CR4: 00000000003506b0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400

Crashes (77):
Time Kernel Commit Syzkaller Config Log Report Syz repro C repro VM info Assets (help?) Manager Title
2024/03/02 12:33 android13-5.15-lts 993bed180178 25905f5d .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2024/03/01 07:23 android13-5.15-lts 993bed180178 352ab904 .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/09/05 19:49 android13-5.15-lts 1317bd27a72f 0b6286dc .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/02 20:53 android13-5.15-lts 241da2ad5601 bfc47836 .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/18 03:49 android13-5.15-lts 36f4f6fb72d5 f3921d4d .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/10 20:35 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 49519f06 .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/05 08:06 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 a4ae4f42 .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/05/28 19:01 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 cf184559 .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/05/07 12:27 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 90c93c40 .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/03/13 06:24 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f 5205ef30 .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/03/12 18:27 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f 5205ef30 .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/26 15:51 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f ee50e71c .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/22 12:03 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f 42a4d508 .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/10 11:43 android13-5.15-lts 5020746bff95 07980f9d .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/03 06:42 android13-5.15-lts 92f701cae0bc e080de16 .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/11/27 02:47 android13-5.15-lts 4ec71a9ec769 f4470a7b .config console log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2024/02/01 06:21 android13-5.15-lts 1c3a1f32bcbd 373b66cd .config console log report syz [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/09 10:45 android13-5.15-lts 879959450ec7 668cb1fa .config console log report syz [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro #1] [mounted in repro #2] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/08 20:20 android13-5.15-lts 879959450ec7 668cb1fa .config console log report syz [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/28 19:35 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f 95aee97a .config console log report syz [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro #1] [mounted in repro #2] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/14 01:51 android13-5.15-lts 7048384c9872 f6511626 .config console log report syz [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/11/26 10:27 android13-5.15-lts 4ec71a9ec769 f4470a7b .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/10/18 14:05 android13-5.15-lts 44b8b2ac1d96 b31320fc .config strace log report syz C [disk image] [vmlinux] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/09/06 09:39 android13-5.15-lts 1317bd27a72f 0b6286dc .config console log report syz [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2024/04/03 11:31 android13-5.15-lts 993bed180178 7925100d .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2024/03/28 20:33 android13-5.15-lts 993bed180178 e91187ee .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2024/03/28 10:05 android13-5.15-lts 993bed180178 120789fd .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/09/21 03:38 android13-5.15-lts ea586874d2f9 0b6a67ac .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/09/19 03:56 android13-5.15-lts ea586874d2f9 0b6a67ac .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/09/06 00:44 android13-5.15-lts 1317bd27a72f 0b6286dc .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/08/21 07:41 android13-5.15-lts 1463976ddc64 d216d8a0 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/08/07 08:24 android13-5.15-lts 748fd0d9ca0f 4ffcc9ef .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/08/05 04:40 android13-5.15-lts 748fd0d9ca0f cdae481e .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/08/03 19:07 android13-5.15-lts 748fd0d9ca0f 74621247 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/08/03 09:59 android13-5.15-lts 748fd0d9ca0f 39a91c18 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/28 05:30 android13-5.15-lts 748fd0d9ca0f 92476829 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/26 16:46 android13-5.15-lts 1f20dc4cdd92 41fe1bae .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/25 14:37 android13-5.15-lts 1f20dc4cdd92 3b91ad04 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/20 17:58 android13-5.15-lts 879959450ec7 f49af159 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/17 16:38 android13-5.15-lts 879959450ec7 20f8b3c2 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/17 02:06 android13-5.15-lts 879959450ec7 35d9ecc5 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/07/15 22:17 android13-5.15-lts 879959450ec7 35d9ecc5 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/30 22:39 android13-5.15-lts 241da2ad5601 af3053d2 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/25 09:07 android13-5.15-lts 565c3abfa129 79782afc .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/18 02:06 android13-5.15-lts 36f4f6fb72d5 f3921d4d .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/16 12:17 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 f3921d4d .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/09 11:35 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 058b3a5a .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/08 19:47 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 058b3a5a .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/06/03 10:12 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 a4ae4f42 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/05/29 12:26 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 cf184559 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/05/23 01:13 android13-5.15-lts 19c0ed55a470 4bce1a3e .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/03/21 12:22 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f 7939252e .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/03/13 10:21 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f 5205ef30 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/22 16:49 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f 9f1e2cb3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/21 10:11 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f f949448d .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/20 01:53 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f bcdf85f8 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/19 16:43 android13-5.15-lts 5448b2fda85f bcdf85f8 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/15 17:11 android13-5.15-lts 5020746bff95 6be0f1f5 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/14 11:32 android13-5.15-lts 5020746bff95 93ae7e0a .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/09 06:47 android13-5.15-lts 5020746bff95 14a312c8 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/08 16:16 android13-5.15-lts 5020746bff95 fc9c934e .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/02/05 19:14 android13-5.15-lts 7e0097918ff8 be607b78 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/01/26 23:52 android13-5.15-lts e66b45d52787 9dfcf09c .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/01/26 16:24 android13-5.15-lts e66b45d52787 9dfcf09c .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/01/25 00:43 android13-5.15-lts e66b45d52787 9dfcf09c .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/01/20 22:20 android13-5.15-lts 49ca4a597809 dd15ff29 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/01/13 06:38 android13-5.15-lts c73b4619ad86 96166539 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/01/12 09:25 android13-5.15-lts c73b4619ad86 96166539 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2023/01/05 19:21 android13-5.15-lts c73b4619ad86 1dac8c7a .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/30 07:39 android13-5.15-lts c73b4619ad86 44712fbc .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/25 16:52 android13-5.15-lts c73b4619ad86 9da18ae8 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/21 16:31 android13-5.15-lts c73b4619ad86 4067838e .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/15 06:37 android13-5.15-lts c73b4619ad86 b18f0a64 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/13 04:49 android13-5.15-lts 7048384c9872 67be1ae7 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/12/12 04:59 android13-5.15-lts 7048384c9872 67be1ae7 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/11/28 08:17 android13-5.15-lts 4ec71a9ec769 f4470a7b .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
2022/10/18 13:45 android13-5.15-lts 44b8b2ac1d96 b31320fc .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] ci2-android-5-15 kernel BUG in ext4_writepages
* Struck through repros no longer work on HEAD.