FAULT_INJECTION: forcing a failure.
name fail_usercopy, interval 1, probability 0, space 0, times 0
======================================================
WARNING: possible circular locking dependency detected
6.10.0-rc2-syzkaller-00824-gfd8db07705c5 #0 Not tainted
------------------------------------------------------
syz.3.53/5346 is trying to acquire lock:
ffffffff8e328140 (console_owner){-.-.}-{0:0}, at: rcu_try_lock_acquire include/linux/rcupdate.h:334 [inline]
ffffffff8e328140 (console_owner){-.-.}-{0:0}, at: srcu_read_lock_nmisafe include/linux/srcu.h:232 [inline]
ffffffff8e328140 (console_owner){-.-.}-{0:0}, at: console_srcu_read_lock kernel/printk/printk.c:286 [inline]
ffffffff8e328140 (console_owner){-.-.}-{0:0}, at: console_flush_all+0x152/0xfd0 kernel/printk/printk.c:2986
but task is already holding lock:
ffff8880b943e798 (&rq->__lock){-.-.}-{2:2}, at: raw_spin_rq_lock_nested+0x2a/0x140 kernel/sched/core.c:559
which lock already depends on the new lock.
the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:
-> #4 (&rq->__lock){-.-.}-{2:2}:
lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5754
_raw_spin_lock_nested+0x31/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:378
raw_spin_rq_lock_nested+0x2a/0x140 kernel/sched/core.c:559
raw_spin_rq_lock kernel/sched/sched.h:1406 [inline]
rq_lock kernel/sched/sched.h:1702 [inline]
task_fork_fair+0x61/0x1e0 kernel/sched/fair.c:12710
sched_cgroup_fork+0x37c/0x410 kernel/sched/core.c:4844
copy_process+0x2217/0x3dc0 kernel/fork.c:2499
kernel_clone+0x226/0x8f0 kernel/fork.c:2797
user_mode_thread+0x132/0x1a0 kernel/fork.c:2875
rest_init+0x23/0x300 init/main.c:712
start_kernel+0x47a/0x500 init/main.c:1103
x86_64_start_reservations+0x2a/0x30 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:507
x86_64_start_kernel+0x99/0xa0 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:488
common_startup_64+0x13e/0x147
-> #3 (&p->pi_lock){-.-.}-{2:2}:
lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5754
__raw_spin_lock_irqsave include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:110 [inline]
_raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0xd5/0x120 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:162
class_raw_spinlock_irqsave_constructor include/linux/spinlock.h:553 [inline]
try_to_wake_up+0xb0/0x1470 kernel/sched/core.c:4262
__wake_up_common kernel/sched/wait.c:89 [inline]
__wake_up_common_lock+0x130/0x1e0 kernel/sched/wait.c:106
tty_port_default_wakeup+0xa6/0xf0 drivers/tty/tty_port.c:69
serial8250_tx_chars+0x6e2/0x930 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_port.c:1821
serial8250_handle_irq+0x558/0x710 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_port.c:1929
serial8250_default_handle_irq+0xd1/0x1f0 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_port.c:1949
serial8250_interrupt+0xa9/0x1f0 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_core.c:130
__handle_irq_event_percpu+0x29a/0xa80 kernel/irq/handle.c:158
handle_irq_event_percpu kernel/irq/handle.c:193 [inline]
handle_irq_event+0x89/0x1f0 kernel/irq/handle.c:210
handle_edge_irq+0x25f/0xc20 kernel/irq/chip.c:831
generic_handle_irq_desc include/linux/irqdesc.h:173 [inline]
handle_irq arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:247 [inline]
call_irq_handler arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:259 [inline]
__common_interrupt+0x136/0x230 arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:285
common_interrupt+0xa5/0xd0 arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:278
asm_common_interrupt+0x26/0x40 arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:693
__sanitizer_cov_trace_switch+0x10c/0x120 kernel/kcov.c:342
unwind_next_frame+0xff6/0x2a00 arch/x86/kernel/unwind_orc.c:581
arch_stack_walk+0x151/0x1b0 arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c:25
stack_trace_save+0x118/0x1d0 kernel/stacktrace.c:122
kasan_save_stack mm/kasan/common.c:47 [inline]
kasan_save_track+0x3f/0x80 mm/kasan/common.c:68
kasan_save_free_info+0x40/0x50 mm/kasan/generic.c:579
poison_slab_object+0xe0/0x150 mm/kasan/common.c:240
__kasan_slab_free+0x37/0x60 mm/kasan/common.c:256
kasan_slab_free include/linux/kasan.h:184 [inline]
slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:2195 [inline]
slab_free mm/slub.c:4436 [inline]
kfree+0x149/0x360 mm/slub.c:4557
tomoyo_path_perm+0x5ab/0x740 security/tomoyo/file.c:842
security_inode_getattr+0xd8/0x130 security/security.c:2269
vfs_getattr+0x45/0x430 fs/stat.c:173
vfs_fstat fs/stat.c:198 [inline]
vfs_fstatat+0xd6/0x190 fs/stat.c:300
__do_sys_newfstatat fs/stat.c:468 [inline]
__se_sys_newfstatat fs/stat.c:462 [inline]
__x64_sys_newfstatat+0x125/0x1b0 fs/stat.c:462
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
-> #2 (&tty->write_wait){-.-.}-{2:2}:
lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5754
__raw_spin_lock_irqsave include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:110 [inline]
_raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0xd5/0x120 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:162
__wake_up_common_lock+0x25/0x1e0 kernel/sched/wait.c:105
tty_port_default_wakeup+0xa6/0xf0 drivers/tty/tty_port.c:69
serial8250_tx_chars+0x6e2/0x930 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_port.c:1821
serial8250_handle_irq+0x558/0x710 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_port.c:1929
serial8250_default_handle_irq+0xd1/0x1f0 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_port.c:1949
serial8250_interrupt+0xa9/0x1f0 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_core.c:130
__handle_irq_event_percpu+0x29a/0xa80 kernel/irq/handle.c:158
handle_irq_event_percpu kernel/irq/handle.c:193 [inline]
handle_irq_event+0x89/0x1f0 kernel/irq/handle.c:210
handle_edge_irq+0x25f/0xc20 kernel/irq/chip.c:831
generic_handle_irq_desc include/linux/irqdesc.h:173 [inline]
handle_irq arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:247 [inline]
call_irq_handler arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:259 [inline]
__common_interrupt+0x136/0x230 arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:285
common_interrupt+0xa5/0xd0 arch/x86/kernel/irq.c:278
asm_common_interrupt+0x26/0x40 arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:693
__raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:152 [inline]
_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0xd8/0x140 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194
spin_unlock_irqrestore include/linux/spinlock.h:406 [inline]
uart_port_unlock_irqrestore include/linux/serial_core.h:669 [inline]
uart_write+0x16c/0x320 drivers/tty/serial/serial_core.c:634
process_output_block drivers/tty/n_tty.c:574 [inline]
n_tty_write+0xd6a/0x1230 drivers/tty/n_tty.c:2379
iterate_tty_write drivers/tty/tty_io.c:1021 [inline]
file_tty_write+0x54f/0x9b0 drivers/tty/tty_io.c:1096
new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:497 [inline]
vfs_write+0xa72/0xc90 fs/read_write.c:590
ksys_write+0x1a0/0x2c0 fs/read_write.c:643
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
-> #1 (&port_lock_key){-.-.}-{2:2}:
lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5754
__raw_spin_lock_irqsave include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:110 [inline]
_raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0xd5/0x120 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:162
uart_port_lock_irqsave include/linux/serial_core.h:618 [inline]
serial8250_console_write+0x1a8/0x1770 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_port.c:3352
console_emit_next_record kernel/printk/printk.c:2928 [inline]
console_flush_all+0x867/0xfd0 kernel/printk/printk.c:2994
console_unlock+0x13b/0x4d0 kernel/printk/printk.c:3063
vprintk_emit+0x5a6/0x770 kernel/printk/printk.c:2345
_printk+0xd5/0x120 kernel/printk/printk.c:2370
register_console+0x722/0xce0 kernel/printk/printk.c:3596
univ8250_console_init+0x49/0x50 drivers/tty/serial/8250/8250_core.c:719
console_init+0x1b8/0x6f0 kernel/printk/printk.c:3742
start_kernel+0x2d3/0x500 init/main.c:1038
x86_64_start_reservations+0x2a/0x30 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:507
x86_64_start_kernel+0x99/0xa0 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:488
common_startup_64+0x13e/0x147
-> #0 (console_owner){-.-.}-{0:0}:
check_prev_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3134 [inline]
check_prevs_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3253 [inline]
validate_chain+0x18e0/0x5900 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3869
__lock_acquire+0x1346/0x1fd0 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5137
lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5754
console_lock_spinning_enable kernel/printk/printk.c:1870 [inline]
console_emit_next_record kernel/printk/printk.c:2922 [inline]
console_flush_all+0x810/0xfd0 kernel/printk/printk.c:2994
console_unlock+0x13b/0x4d0 kernel/printk/printk.c:3063
vprintk_emit+0x5a6/0x770 kernel/printk/printk.c:2345
_printk+0xd5/0x120 kernel/printk/printk.c:2370
fail_dump lib/fault-inject.c:45 [inline]
should_fail_ex+0x391/0x4e0 lib/fault-inject.c:153
strncpy_from_user+0x36/0x2f0 lib/strncpy_from_user.c:118
strncpy_from_user_nofault+0x71/0x140 mm/maccess.c:186
bpf_probe_read_user_str_common kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:216 [inline]
____bpf_probe_read_compat_str kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:311 [inline]
bpf_probe_read_compat_str+0xe9/0x180 kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:307
bpf_prog_07ce70d87944ebe7+0x43/0x4a
bpf_dispatcher_nop_func include/linux/bpf.h:1243 [inline]
__bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:691 [inline]
bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:698 [inline]
__bpf_trace_run kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2406 [inline]
bpf_trace_run2+0x2ec/0x540 kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2447
trace_tlb_flush+0x118/0x140 include/trace/events/tlb.h:38
switch_mm_irqs_off+0x7cb/0xae0
context_switch kernel/sched/core.c:5392 [inline]
__schedule+0x1066/0x4a20 kernel/sched/core.c:6745
__schedule_loop kernel/sched/core.c:6822 [inline]
schedule+0x14b/0x320 kernel/sched/core.c:6837
schedule_preempt_disabled+0x13/0x30 kernel/sched/core.c:6894
__mutex_lock_common kernel/locking/mutex.c:684 [inline]
__mutex_lock+0x6a4/0xd70 kernel/locking/mutex.c:752
rtnl_lock net/core/rtnetlink.c:79 [inline]
rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x842/0x1180 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6638
netlink_rcv_skb+0x1e3/0x430 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2550
netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1331 [inline]
netlink_unicast+0x7ea/0x980 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1357
netlink_sendmsg+0x8db/0xcb0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1901
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:730 [inline]
__sock_sendmsg+0x221/0x270 net/socket.c:745
____sys_sendmsg+0x525/0x7d0 net/socket.c:2585
___sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2639 [inline]
__sys_sendmsg+0x2b0/0x3a0 net/socket.c:2668
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
other info that might help us debug this:
Chain exists of:
console_owner --> &p->pi_lock --> &rq->__lock
Possible unsafe locking scenario:
CPU0 CPU1
---- ----
lock(&rq->__lock);
lock(&p->pi_lock);
lock(&rq->__lock);
lock(console_owner);
*** DEADLOCK ***
5 locks held by syz.3.53/5346:
#0: ffffffff8f5e6d08 (rtnl_mutex){+.+.}-{3:3}, at: rtnl_lock net/core/rtnetlink.c:79 [inline]
#0: ffffffff8f5e6d08 (rtnl_mutex){+.+.}-{3:3}, at: rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x842/0x1180 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6638
#1: ffff8880b943e798 (&rq->__lock){-.-.}-{2:2}, at: raw_spin_rq_lock_nested+0x2a/0x140 kernel/sched/core.c:559
#2: ffffffff8e333fa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:2}, at: rcu_lock_acquire include/linux/rcupdate.h:329 [inline]
#2: ffffffff8e333fa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:2}, at: rcu_read_lock include/linux/rcupdate.h:781 [inline]
#2: ffffffff8e333fa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:2}, at: __bpf_trace_run kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2405 [inline]
#2: ffffffff8e333fa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:2}, at: bpf_trace_run2+0x1fc/0x540 kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2447
#3: ffffffff8e20fa60 (console_lock){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: _printk+0xd5/0x120 kernel/printk/printk.c:2370
#4: ffffffff8e20f690 (console_srcu){....}-{0:0}, at: rcu_try_lock_acquire include/linux/rcupdate.h:334 [inline]
#4: ffffffff8e20f690 (console_srcu){....}-{0:0}, at: srcu_read_lock_nmisafe include/linux/srcu.h:232 [inline]
#4: ffffffff8e20f690 (console_srcu){....}-{0:0}, at: console_srcu_read_lock kernel/printk/printk.c:286 [inline]
#4: ffffffff8e20f690 (console_srcu){....}-{0:0}, at: console_flush_all+0x152/0xfd0 kernel/printk/printk.c:2986
stack backtrace:
CPU: 0 PID: 5346 Comm: syz.3.53 Not tainted 6.10.0-rc2-syzkaller-00824-gfd8db07705c5 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 06/07/2024
Call Trace:
__dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline]
dump_stack_lvl+0x241/0x360 lib/dump_stack.c:114
check_noncircular+0x36a/0x4a0 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:2187
check_prev_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3134 [inline]
check_prevs_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3253 [inline]
validate_chain+0x18e0/0x5900 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3869
__lock_acquire+0x1346/0x1fd0 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5137
lock_acquire+0x1ed/0x550 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5754
console_lock_spinning_enable kernel/printk/printk.c:1870 [inline]
console_emit_next_record kernel/printk/printk.c:2922 [inline]
console_flush_all+0x810/0xfd0 kernel/printk/printk.c:2994
console_unlock+0x13b/0x4d0 kernel/printk/printk.c:3063
vprintk_emit+0x5a6/0x770 kernel/printk/printk.c:2345
_printk+0xd5/0x120 kernel/printk/printk.c:2370
fail_dump lib/fault-inject.c:45 [inline]
should_fail_ex+0x391/0x4e0 lib/fault-inject.c:153
strncpy_from_user+0x36/0x2f0 lib/strncpy_from_user.c:118
strncpy_from_user_nofault+0x71/0x140 mm/maccess.c:186
bpf_probe_read_user_str_common kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:216 [inline]
____bpf_probe_read_compat_str kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:311 [inline]
bpf_probe_read_compat_str+0xe9/0x180 kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:307
bpf_prog_07ce70d87944ebe7+0x43/0x4a
bpf_dispatcher_nop_func include/linux/bpf.h:1243 [inline]
__bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:691 [inline]
bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:698 [inline]
__bpf_trace_run kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2406 [inline]
bpf_trace_run2+0x2ec/0x540 kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2447
trace_tlb_flush+0x118/0x140 include/trace/events/tlb.h:38
switch_mm_irqs_off+0x7cb/0xae0
context_switch kernel/sched/core.c:5392 [inline]
__schedule+0x1066/0x4a20 kernel/sched/core.c:6745
__schedule_loop kernel/sched/core.c:6822 [inline]
schedule+0x14b/0x320 kernel/sched/core.c:6837
schedule_preempt_disabled+0x13/0x30 kernel/sched/core.c:6894
__mutex_lock_common kernel/locking/mutex.c:684 [inline]
__mutex_lock+0x6a4/0xd70 kernel/locking/mutex.c:752
rtnl_lock net/core/rtnetlink.c:79 [inline]
rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x842/0x1180 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6638
netlink_rcv_skb+0x1e3/0x430 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2550
netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1331 [inline]
netlink_unicast+0x7ea/0x980 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1357
netlink_sendmsg+0x8db/0xcb0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1901
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:730 [inline]
__sock_sendmsg+0x221/0x270 net/socket.c:745
____sys_sendmsg+0x525/0x7d0 net/socket.c:2585
___sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2639 [inline]
__sys_sendmsg+0x2b0/0x3a0 net/socket.c:2668
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
RIP: 0033:0x7f6260975bd9
Code: Unable to access opcode bytes at 0x7f6260975baf.
RSP: 002b:00007f6261706048 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f6260b03f60 RCX: 00007f6260975bd9
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000020000000 RDI: 0000000000000007
RBP: 00007f62617060a0 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000001
R13: 000000000000000b R14: 00007f6260b03f60 R15: 00007fff1ecab268
CPU: 0 PID: 5346 Comm: syz.3.53 Not tainted 6.10.0-rc2-syzkaller-00824-gfd8db07705c5 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 06/07/2024
Call Trace:
__dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline]
dump_stack_lvl+0x241/0x360 lib/dump_stack.c:114
fail_dump lib/fault-inject.c:52 [inline]
should_fail_ex+0x3b0/0x4e0 lib/fault-inject.c:153
strncpy_from_user+0x36/0x2f0 lib/strncpy_from_user.c:118
strncpy_from_user_nofault+0x71/0x140 mm/maccess.c:186
bpf_probe_read_user_str_common kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:216 [inline]
____bpf_probe_read_compat_str kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:311 [inline]
bpf_probe_read_compat_str+0xe9/0x180 kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:307
bpf_prog_07ce70d87944ebe7+0x43/0x4a
bpf_dispatcher_nop_func include/linux/bpf.h:1243 [inline]
__bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:691 [inline]
bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:698 [inline]
__bpf_trace_run kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2406 [inline]
bpf_trace_run2+0x2ec/0x540 kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c:2447
trace_tlb_flush+0x118/0x140 include/trace/events/tlb.h:38
switch_mm_irqs_off+0x7cb/0xae0
context_switch kernel/sched/core.c:5392 [inline]
__schedule+0x1066/0x4a20 kernel/sched/core.c:6745
__schedule_loop kernel/sched/core.c:6822 [inline]
schedule+0x14b/0x320 kernel/sched/core.c:6837
schedule_preempt_disabled+0x13/0x30 kernel/sched/core.c:6894
__mutex_lock_common kernel/locking/mutex.c:684 [inline]
__mutex_lock+0x6a4/0xd70 kernel/locking/mutex.c:752
rtnl_lock net/core/rtnetlink.c:79 [inline]
rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x842/0x1180 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6638
netlink_rcv_skb+0x1e3/0x430 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2550
netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1331 [inline]
netlink_unicast+0x7ea/0x980 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1357
netlink_sendmsg+0x8db/0xcb0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1901
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:730 [inline]
__sock_sendmsg+0x221/0x270 net/socket.c:745
____sys_sendmsg+0x525/0x7d0 net/socket.c:2585
___sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2639 [inline]
__sys_sendmsg+0x2b0/0x3a0 net/socket.c:2668
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
RIP: 0033:0x7f6260975bd9
Code: Unable to access opcode bytes at 0x7f6260975baf.
RSP: 002b:00007f6261706048 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f6260b03f60 RCX: 00007f6260975bd9
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000020000000 RDI: 0000000000000007
RBP: 00007f62617060a0 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000001
R13: 000000000000000b R14: 00007f6260b03f60 R15: 00007fff1ecab268
netlink: 830 bytes leftover after parsing attributes in process `syz.3.53'.
team0: default FDB implementation only supports local addresses