================================================================== BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in v4l2_fh_init+0x27d/0x2c0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-fh.c:25 Read of size 8 at addr ffff88803b578740 by task v4l_id/20102 CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 20102 Comm: v4l_id Not tainted syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full) Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 10/02/2025 Call Trace: __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x116/0x1f0 lib/dump_stack.c:120 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:378 [inline] print_report+0xcd/0x630 mm/kasan/report.c:482 kasan_report+0xe0/0x110 mm/kasan/report.c:595 v4l2_fh_init+0x27d/0x2c0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-fh.c:25 v4l2_fh_open+0x64/0xa0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-fh.c:64 em28xx_v4l2_open+0x24e/0x7e0 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2153 v4l2_open+0x1d2/0x5e0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-dev.c:433 chrdev_open+0x234/0x6a0 fs/char_dev.c:414 do_dentry_open+0x982/0x1530 fs/open.c:965 vfs_open+0x82/0x3f0 fs/open.c:1097 do_open fs/namei.c:3975 [inline] path_openat+0x1de4/0x2cb0 fs/namei.c:4134 do_filp_open+0x20b/0x470 fs/namei.c:4161 do_sys_openat2+0x11b/0x1d0 fs/open.c:1437 do_sys_open fs/open.c:1452 [inline] __do_sys_openat fs/open.c:1468 [inline] __se_sys_openat fs/open.c:1463 [inline] __x64_sys_openat+0x174/0x210 fs/open.c:1463 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xcd/0xfa0 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f RIP: 0033:0x7f7e57aa7407 Code: 48 89 fa 4c 89 df e8 38 aa 00 00 8b 93 08 03 00 00 59 5e 48 83 f8 fc 74 1a 5b c3 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 48 8b 44 24 10 0f 05 <5b> c3 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 83 e2 39 83 fa 08 75 de e8 23 ff ff ff RSP: 002b:00007ffd724c9940 EFLAGS: 00000202 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000101 RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f7e58225880 RCX: 00007f7e57aa7407 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007ffd724c9f1b RDI: ffffffffffffff9c RBP: 0000000000000002 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000202 R12: 0000000000000000 R13: 00007ffd724c9b90 R14: 00007f7e5838c000 R15: 00005585bbcf74d8 Allocated by task 5905: kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60 mm/kasan/common.c:56 kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30 mm/kasan/common.c:77 poison_kmalloc_redzone mm/kasan/common.c:400 [inline] __kasan_kmalloc+0xaa/0xb0 mm/kasan/common.c:417 kmalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:957 [inline] kzalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:1094 [inline] em28xx_v4l2_init+0x114/0x4080 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2532 em28xx_init_extension+0x13a/0x200 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-core.c:1117 request_module_async+0x61/0x70 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-cards.c:3457 process_one_work+0x9cf/0x1b70 kernel/workqueue.c:3263 process_scheduled_works kernel/workqueue.c:3346 [inline] worker_thread+0x6c8/0xf10 kernel/workqueue.c:3427 kthread+0x3c5/0x780 kernel/kthread.c:463 ret_from_fork+0x675/0x7d0 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:245 Freed by task 5905: kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60 mm/kasan/common.c:56 kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30 mm/kasan/common.c:77 __kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/0x60 mm/kasan/generic.c:587 kasan_save_free_info mm/kasan/kasan.h:406 [inline] poison_slab_object mm/kasan/common.c:252 [inline] __kasan_slab_free+0x5f/0x80 mm/kasan/common.c:284 kasan_slab_free include/linux/kasan.h:234 [inline] slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:2530 [inline] slab_free mm/slub.c:6619 [inline] kfree+0x2b8/0x6d0 mm/slub.c:6826 em28xx_free_v4l2 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2118 [inline] kref_put include/linux/kref.h:65 [inline] em28xx_v4l2_init+0x22b5/0x4080 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2901 em28xx_init_extension+0x13a/0x200 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-core.c:1117 request_module_async+0x61/0x70 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-cards.c:3457 process_one_work+0x9cf/0x1b70 kernel/workqueue.c:3263 process_scheduled_works kernel/workqueue.c:3346 [inline] worker_thread+0x6c8/0xf10 kernel/workqueue.c:3427 kthread+0x3c5/0x780 kernel/kthread.c:463 ret_from_fork+0x675/0x7d0 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:245 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff88803b578000 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-8k of size 8192 The buggy address is located 1856 bytes inside of freed 8192-byte region [ffff88803b578000, ffff88803b57a000) The buggy address belongs to the physical page: page: refcount:0 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x3b578 head: order:3 mapcount:0 entire_mapcount:0 nr_pages_mapped:0 pincount:0 flags: 0xfff00000000040(head|node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x7ff) page_type: f5(slab) raw: 00fff00000000040 ffff88813ffa7280 dead000000000122 0000000000000000 raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080020002 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000 head: 00fff00000000040 ffff88813ffa7280 dead000000000122 0000000000000000 head: 0000000000000000 0000000080020002 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000 head: 00fff00000000003 ffffea0000ed5e01 00000000ffffffff 00000000ffffffff head: ffffffffffffffff 0000000000000000 00000000ffffffff 0000000000000008 page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected page_owner tracks the page as allocated page last allocated via order 3, migratetype Unmovable, gfp_mask 0xd20c0(__GFP_IO|__GFP_FS|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_NOMEMALLOC), pid 5905, tgid 5905 (kworker/0:4), ts 1194903977210, free_ts 1194903743889 set_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:32 [inline] post_alloc_hook+0x1c0/0x230 mm/page_alloc.c:1850 prep_new_page mm/page_alloc.c:1858 [inline] get_page_from_freelist+0x10a3/0x3a30 mm/page_alloc.c:3884 __alloc_frozen_pages_noprof+0x25f/0x2470 mm/page_alloc.c:5183 alloc_pages_mpol+0x1fb/0x550 mm/mempolicy.c:2416 alloc_slab_page mm/slub.c:3046 [inline] allocate_slab mm/slub.c:3219 [inline] new_slab+0x24a/0x360 mm/slub.c:3273 ___slab_alloc+0xdc4/0x1ae0 mm/slub.c:4643 __slab_alloc.constprop.0+0x63/0x110 mm/slub.c:4762 __slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:4838 [inline] slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:5260 [inline] __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x477/0x780 mm/slub.c:5750 kmalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:957 [inline] kzalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:1094 [inline] em28xx_v4l2_init+0x114/0x4080 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2532 em28xx_init_extension+0x13a/0x200 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-core.c:1117 request_module_async+0x61/0x70 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-cards.c:3457 process_one_work+0x9cf/0x1b70 kernel/workqueue.c:3263 process_scheduled_works kernel/workqueue.c:3346 [inline] worker_thread+0x6c8/0xf10 kernel/workqueue.c:3427 kthread+0x3c5/0x780 kernel/kthread.c:463 ret_from_fork+0x675/0x7d0 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:245 page last free pid 5811 tgid 5811 stack trace: reset_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:25 [inline] free_pages_prepare mm/page_alloc.c:1394 [inline] __free_frozen_pages+0x7df/0x1160 mm/page_alloc.c:2906 __folio_put+0x329/0x450 mm/swap.c:112 folio_put include/linux/mm.h:1425 [inline] put_page include/linux/mm.h:1494 [inline] put_netmem net/core/skbuff.c:7376 [inline] skb_page_unref include/linux/skbuff_ref.h:43 [inline] __skb_frag_unref include/linux/skbuff_ref.h:56 [inline] skb_release_data+0x81a/0x9e0 net/core/skbuff.c:1081 skb_release_all net/core/skbuff.c:1152 [inline] __kfree_skb+0x4f/0x70 net/core/skbuff.c:1166 tcp_wmem_free_skb include/net/tcp.h:332 [inline] tcp_rtx_queue_unlink_and_free include/net/tcp.h:2205 [inline] tcp_clean_rtx_queue net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:3471 [inline] tcp_ack+0x1d37/0x5fc0 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:4096 tcp_rcv_established+0x10ea/0x3700 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6341 tcp_v4_do_rcv+0xc65/0x10a0 net/ipv4/tcp_ipv4.c:1931 sk_backlog_rcv include/net/sock.h:1158 [inline] __release_sock+0x361/0x450 net/core/sock.c:3180 release_sock+0x5a/0x220 net/core/sock.c:3735 tcp_recvmsg+0x13a/0x680 net/ipv4/tcp.c:2929 inet_recvmsg+0x129/0x6a0 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:885 sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:1078 [inline] sock_recvmsg+0x1b2/0x250 net/socket.c:1100 sock_read_iter+0x2b9/0x3b0 net/socket.c:1170 new_sync_read fs/read_write.c:491 [inline] vfs_read+0xa98/0xcf0 fs/read_write.c:572 ksys_read+0x1f8/0x250 fs/read_write.c:715 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xcd/0xfa0 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94 Memory state around the buggy address: ffff88803b578600: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff88803b578680: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb >ffff88803b578700: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ^ ffff88803b578780: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff88803b578800: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ================================================================== ================================================================== BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in instrument_atomic_write include/linux/instrumented.h:82 [inline] BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in set_bit include/asm-generic/bitops/instrumented-atomic.h:28 [inline] BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in v4l2_fh_init+0xd4/0x2c0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-fh.c:27 Write of size 8 at addr ffff88803b5787a8 by task v4l_id/20102 CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 20102 Comm: v4l_id Tainted: G B syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full) Tainted: [B]=BAD_PAGE Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 10/02/2025 Call Trace: __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x116/0x1f0 lib/dump_stack.c:120 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:378 [inline] print_report+0xcd/0x630 mm/kasan/report.c:482 kasan_report+0xe0/0x110 mm/kasan/report.c:595 check_region_inline mm/kasan/generic.c:194 [inline] kasan_check_range+0x100/0x1b0 mm/kasan/generic.c:200 instrument_atomic_write include/linux/instrumented.h:82 [inline] set_bit include/asm-generic/bitops/instrumented-atomic.h:28 [inline] v4l2_fh_init+0xd4/0x2c0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-fh.c:27 v4l2_fh_open+0x64/0xa0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-fh.c:64 em28xx_v4l2_open+0x24e/0x7e0 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2153 v4l2_open+0x1d2/0x5e0 drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-dev.c:433 chrdev_open+0x234/0x6a0 fs/char_dev.c:414 do_dentry_open+0x982/0x1530 fs/open.c:965 vfs_open+0x82/0x3f0 fs/open.c:1097 do_open fs/namei.c:3975 [inline] path_openat+0x1de4/0x2cb0 fs/namei.c:4134 do_filp_open+0x20b/0x470 fs/namei.c:4161 do_sys_openat2+0x11b/0x1d0 fs/open.c:1437 do_sys_open fs/open.c:1452 [inline] __do_sys_openat fs/open.c:1468 [inline] __se_sys_openat fs/open.c:1463 [inline] __x64_sys_openat+0x174/0x210 fs/open.c:1463 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xcd/0xfa0 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f RIP: 0033:0x7f7e57aa7407 Code: 48 89 fa 4c 89 df e8 38 aa 00 00 8b 93 08 03 00 00 59 5e 48 83 f8 fc 74 1a 5b c3 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 48 8b 44 24 10 0f 05 <5b> c3 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 83 e2 39 83 fa 08 75 de e8 23 ff ff ff RSP: 002b:00007ffd724c9940 EFLAGS: 00000202 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000101 RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f7e58225880 RCX: 00007f7e57aa7407 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007ffd724c9f1b RDI: ffffffffffffff9c RBP: 0000000000000002 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000202 R12: 0000000000000000 R13: 00007ffd724c9b90 R14: 00007f7e5838c000 R15: 00005585bbcf74d8 Allocated by task 5905: kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60 mm/kasan/common.c:56 kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30 mm/kasan/common.c:77 poison_kmalloc_redzone mm/kasan/common.c:400 [inline] __kasan_kmalloc+0xaa/0xb0 mm/kasan/common.c:417 kmalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:957 [inline] kzalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:1094 [inline] em28xx_v4l2_init+0x114/0x4080 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2532 em28xx_init_extension+0x13a/0x200 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-core.c:1117 request_module_async+0x61/0x70 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-cards.c:3457 process_one_work+0x9cf/0x1b70 kernel/workqueue.c:3263 process_scheduled_works kernel/workqueue.c:3346 [inline] worker_thread+0x6c8/0xf10 kernel/workqueue.c:3427 kthread+0x3c5/0x780 kernel/kthread.c:463 ret_from_fork+0x675/0x7d0 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:245 Freed by task 5905: kasan_save_stack+0x33/0x60 mm/kasan/common.c:56 kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30 mm/kasan/common.c:77 __kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/0x60 mm/kasan/generic.c:587 kasan_save_free_info mm/kasan/kasan.h:406 [inline] poison_slab_object mm/kasan/common.c:252 [inline] __kasan_slab_free+0x5f/0x80 mm/kasan/common.c:284 kasan_slab_free include/linux/kasan.h:234 [inline] slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:2530 [inline] slab_free mm/slub.c:6619 [inline] kfree+0x2b8/0x6d0 mm/slub.c:6826 em28xx_free_v4l2 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2118 [inline] kref_put include/linux/kref.h:65 [inline] em28xx_v4l2_init+0x22b5/0x4080 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2901 em28xx_init_extension+0x13a/0x200 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-core.c:1117 request_module_async+0x61/0x70 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-cards.c:3457 process_one_work+0x9cf/0x1b70 kernel/workqueue.c:3263 process_scheduled_works kernel/workqueue.c:3346 [inline] worker_thread+0x6c8/0xf10 kernel/workqueue.c:3427 kthread+0x3c5/0x780 kernel/kthread.c:463 ret_from_fork+0x675/0x7d0 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:245 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff88803b578000 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-8k of size 8192 The buggy address is located 1960 bytes inside of freed 8192-byte region [ffff88803b578000, ffff88803b57a000) The buggy address belongs to the physical page: page: refcount:0 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x3b578 head: order:3 mapcount:0 entire_mapcount:0 nr_pages_mapped:0 pincount:0 flags: 0xfff00000000040(head|node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x7ff) page_type: f5(slab) raw: 00fff00000000040 ffff88813ffa7280 dead000000000122 0000000000000000 raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080020002 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000 head: 00fff00000000040 ffff88813ffa7280 dead000000000122 0000000000000000 head: 0000000000000000 0000000080020002 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000 head: 00fff00000000003 ffffea0000ed5e01 00000000ffffffff 00000000ffffffff head: ffffffffffffffff 0000000000000000 00000000ffffffff 0000000000000008 page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected page_owner tracks the page as allocated page last allocated via order 3, migratetype Unmovable, gfp_mask 0xd20c0(__GFP_IO|__GFP_FS|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_NOMEMALLOC), pid 5905, tgid 5905 (kworker/0:4), ts 1194903977210, free_ts 1194903743889 set_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:32 [inline] post_alloc_hook+0x1c0/0x230 mm/page_alloc.c:1850 prep_new_page mm/page_alloc.c:1858 [inline] get_page_from_freelist+0x10a3/0x3a30 mm/page_alloc.c:3884 __alloc_frozen_pages_noprof+0x25f/0x2470 mm/page_alloc.c:5183 alloc_pages_mpol+0x1fb/0x550 mm/mempolicy.c:2416 alloc_slab_page mm/slub.c:3046 [inline] allocate_slab mm/slub.c:3219 [inline] new_slab+0x24a/0x360 mm/slub.c:3273 ___slab_alloc+0xdc4/0x1ae0 mm/slub.c:4643 __slab_alloc.constprop.0+0x63/0x110 mm/slub.c:4762 __slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:4838 [inline] slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:5260 [inline] __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x477/0x780 mm/slub.c:5750 kmalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:957 [inline] kzalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:1094 [inline] em28xx_v4l2_init+0x114/0x4080 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-video.c:2532 em28xx_init_extension+0x13a/0x200 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-core.c:1117 request_module_async+0x61/0x70 drivers/media/usb/em28xx/em28xx-cards.c:3457 process_one_work+0x9cf/0x1b70 kernel/workqueue.c:3263 process_scheduled_works kernel/workqueue.c:3346 [inline] worker_thread+0x6c8/0xf10 kernel/workqueue.c:3427 kthread+0x3c5/0x780 kernel/kthread.c:463 ret_from_fork+0x675/0x7d0 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:245 page last free pid 5811 tgid 5811 stack trace: reset_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:25 [inline] free_pages_prepare mm/page_alloc.c:1394 [inline] __free_frozen_pages+0x7df/0x1160 mm/page_alloc.c:2906 __folio_put+0x329/0x450 mm/swap.c:112 folio_put include/linux/mm.h:1425 [inline] put_page include/linux/mm.h:1494 [inline] put_netmem net/core/skbuff.c:7376 [inline] skb_page_unref include/linux/skbuff_ref.h:43 [inline] __skb_frag_unref include/linux/skbuff_ref.h:56 [inline] skb_release_data+0x81a/0x9e0 net/core/skbuff.c:1081 skb_release_all net/core/skbuff.c:1152 [inline] __kfree_skb+0x4f/0x70 net/core/skbuff.c:1166 tcp_wmem_free_skb include/net/tcp.h:332 [inline] tcp_rtx_queue_unlink_and_free include/net/tcp.h:2205 [inline] tcp_clean_rtx_queue net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:3471 [inline] tcp_ack+0x1d37/0x5fc0 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:4096 tcp_rcv_established+0x10ea/0x3700 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6341 tcp_v4_do_rcv+0xc65/0x10a0 net/ipv4/tcp_ipv4.c:1931 sk_backlog_rcv include/net/sock.h:1158 [inline] __release_sock+0x361/0x450 net/core/sock.c:3180 release_sock+0x5a/0x220 net/core/sock.c:3735 tcp_recvmsg+0x13a/0x680 net/ipv4/tcp.c:2929 inet_recvmsg+0x129/0x6a0 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:885 sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:1078 [inline] sock_recvmsg+0x1b2/0x250 net/socket.c:1100 sock_read_iter+0x2b9/0x3b0 net/socket.c:1170 new_sync_read fs/read_write.c:491 [inline] vfs_read+0xa98/0xcf0 fs/read_write.c:572 ksys_read+0x1f8/0x250 fs/read_write.c:715 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xcd/0xfa0 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94 Memory state around the buggy address: ffff88803b578680: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff88803b578700: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb >ffff88803b578780: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ^ ffff88803b578800: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff88803b578880: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ==================================================================