// https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=f8a9a09118fe9aaab79c12a31af419e3a34a4fd3 // autogenerated by syzkaller (https://github.com/google/syzkaller) #define _GNU_SOURCE #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include static void use_temporary_dir(void) { char tmpdir_template[] = "./syzkaller.XXXXXX"; char* tmpdir = mkdtemp(tmpdir_template); if (!tmpdir) exit(1); if (chmod(tmpdir, 0777)) exit(1); if (chdir(tmpdir)) exit(1); } static bool write_file(const char* file, const char* what, ...) { char buf[1024]; va_list args; va_start(args, what); vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), what, args); va_end(args); buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = 0; int len = strlen(buf); int fd = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC); if (fd == -1) return false; if (write(fd, buf, len) != len) { int err = errno; close(fd); errno = err; return false; } close(fd); return true; } static int runcmdline(char* cmdline) { int ret = system(cmdline); if (ret) { } return ret; } #define BTPROTO_HCI 1 #define ACL_LINK 1 #define SCAN_PAGE 2 typedef struct { uint8_t b[6]; } __attribute__((packed)) bdaddr_t; #define HCI_COMMAND_PKT 1 #define HCI_EVENT_PKT 4 #define HCI_VENDOR_PKT 0xff struct hci_command_hdr { uint16_t opcode; uint8_t plen; } __attribute__((packed)); struct hci_event_hdr { uint8_t evt; uint8_t plen; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_EV_CONN_COMPLETE 0x03 struct hci_ev_conn_complete { uint8_t status; uint16_t handle; bdaddr_t bdaddr; uint8_t link_type; uint8_t encr_mode; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_EV_CONN_REQUEST 0x04 struct hci_ev_conn_request { bdaddr_t bdaddr; uint8_t dev_class[3]; uint8_t link_type; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_EV_REMOTE_FEATURES 0x0b struct hci_ev_remote_features { uint8_t status; uint16_t handle; uint8_t features[8]; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_EV_CMD_COMPLETE 0x0e struct hci_ev_cmd_complete { uint8_t ncmd; uint16_t opcode; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_OP_WRITE_SCAN_ENABLE 0x0c1a #define HCI_OP_READ_BUFFER_SIZE 0x1005 struct hci_rp_read_buffer_size { uint8_t status; uint16_t acl_mtu; uint8_t sco_mtu; uint16_t acl_max_pkt; uint16_t sco_max_pkt; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_OP_READ_BD_ADDR 0x1009 struct hci_rp_read_bd_addr { uint8_t status; bdaddr_t bdaddr; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_EV_LE_META 0x3e struct hci_ev_le_meta { uint8_t subevent; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCI_EV_LE_CONN_COMPLETE 0x01 struct hci_ev_le_conn_complete { uint8_t status; uint16_t handle; uint8_t role; uint8_t bdaddr_type; bdaddr_t bdaddr; uint16_t interval; uint16_t latency; uint16_t supervision_timeout; uint8_t clk_accurancy; } __attribute__((packed)); struct hci_dev_req { uint16_t dev_id; uint32_t dev_opt; }; struct vhci_vendor_pkt_request { uint8_t type; uint8_t opcode; } __attribute__((packed)); struct vhci_pkt { uint8_t type; union { struct { uint8_t opcode; uint16_t id; } __attribute__((packed)) vendor_pkt; struct hci_command_hdr command_hdr; }; } __attribute__((packed)); #define HCIDEVUP _IOW('H', 201, int) #define HCISETSCAN _IOW('H', 221, int) static int vhci_fd = -1; static void rfkill_unblock_all() { int fd = open("/dev/rfkill", O_WRONLY); if (fd < 0) exit(1); struct rfkill_event event = {0}; event.idx = 0; event.type = RFKILL_TYPE_ALL; event.op = RFKILL_OP_CHANGE_ALL; event.soft = 0; event.hard = 0; if (write(fd, &event, sizeof(event)) < 0) exit(1); close(fd); } static void hci_send_event_packet(int fd, uint8_t evt, void* data, size_t data_len) { struct iovec iv[3]; struct hci_event_hdr hdr; hdr.evt = evt; hdr.plen = data_len; uint8_t type = HCI_EVENT_PKT; iv[0].iov_base = &type; iv[0].iov_len = sizeof(type); iv[1].iov_base = &hdr; iv[1].iov_len = sizeof(hdr); iv[2].iov_base = data; iv[2].iov_len = data_len; if (writev(fd, iv, sizeof(iv) / sizeof(struct iovec)) < 0) exit(1); } static void hci_send_event_cmd_complete(int fd, uint16_t opcode, void* data, size_t data_len) { struct iovec iv[4]; struct hci_event_hdr hdr; hdr.evt = HCI_EV_CMD_COMPLETE; hdr.plen = sizeof(struct hci_ev_cmd_complete) + data_len; struct hci_ev_cmd_complete evt_hdr; evt_hdr.ncmd = 1; evt_hdr.opcode = opcode; uint8_t type = HCI_EVENT_PKT; iv[0].iov_base = &type; iv[0].iov_len = sizeof(type); iv[1].iov_base = &hdr; iv[1].iov_len = sizeof(hdr); iv[2].iov_base = &evt_hdr; iv[2].iov_len = sizeof(evt_hdr); iv[3].iov_base = data; iv[3].iov_len = data_len; if (writev(fd, iv, sizeof(iv) / sizeof(struct iovec)) < 0) exit(1); } static bool process_command_pkt(int fd, char* buf, ssize_t buf_size) { struct hci_command_hdr* hdr = (struct hci_command_hdr*)buf; if (buf_size < (ssize_t)sizeof(struct hci_command_hdr) || hdr->plen != buf_size - sizeof(struct hci_command_hdr)) exit(1); switch (hdr->opcode) { case HCI_OP_WRITE_SCAN_ENABLE: { uint8_t status = 0; hci_send_event_cmd_complete(fd, hdr->opcode, &status, sizeof(status)); return true; } case HCI_OP_READ_BD_ADDR: { struct hci_rp_read_bd_addr rp = {0}; rp.status = 0; memset(&rp.bdaddr, 0xaa, 6); hci_send_event_cmd_complete(fd, hdr->opcode, &rp, sizeof(rp)); return false; } case HCI_OP_READ_BUFFER_SIZE: { struct hci_rp_read_buffer_size rp = {0}; rp.status = 0; rp.acl_mtu = 1021; rp.sco_mtu = 96; rp.acl_max_pkt = 4; rp.sco_max_pkt = 6; hci_send_event_cmd_complete(fd, hdr->opcode, &rp, sizeof(rp)); return false; } } char dummy[0xf9] = {0}; hci_send_event_cmd_complete(fd, hdr->opcode, dummy, sizeof(dummy)); return false; } static void* event_thread(void* arg) { while (1) { char buf[1024] = {0}; ssize_t buf_size = read(vhci_fd, buf, sizeof(buf)); if (buf_size < 0) exit(1); if (buf_size > 0 && buf[0] == HCI_COMMAND_PKT) { if (process_command_pkt(vhci_fd, buf + 1, buf_size - 1)) break; } } return NULL; } #define HCI_HANDLE_1 200 #define HCI_HANDLE_2 201 #define HCI_PRIMARY 0 #define HCI_OP_RESET 0x0c03 static void initialize_vhci() { int hci_sock = socket(AF_BLUETOOTH, SOCK_RAW, BTPROTO_HCI); if (hci_sock < 0) exit(1); vhci_fd = open("/dev/vhci", O_RDWR); if (vhci_fd == -1) exit(1); const int kVhciFd = 202; if (dup2(vhci_fd, kVhciFd) < 0) exit(1); close(vhci_fd); vhci_fd = kVhciFd; struct vhci_vendor_pkt_request vendor_pkt_req = {HCI_VENDOR_PKT, HCI_PRIMARY}; if (write(vhci_fd, &vendor_pkt_req, sizeof(vendor_pkt_req)) != sizeof(vendor_pkt_req)) exit(1); struct vhci_pkt vhci_pkt; if (read(vhci_fd, &vhci_pkt, sizeof(vhci_pkt)) != sizeof(vhci_pkt)) exit(1); if (vhci_pkt.type == HCI_COMMAND_PKT && vhci_pkt.command_hdr.opcode == HCI_OP_RESET) { char response[1] = {0}; hci_send_event_cmd_complete(vhci_fd, HCI_OP_RESET, response, sizeof(response)); if (read(vhci_fd, &vhci_pkt, sizeof(vhci_pkt)) != sizeof(vhci_pkt)) exit(1); } if (vhci_pkt.type != HCI_VENDOR_PKT) exit(1); int dev_id = vhci_pkt.vendor_pkt.id; pthread_t th; if (pthread_create(&th, NULL, event_thread, NULL)) exit(1); int ret = ioctl(hci_sock, HCIDEVUP, dev_id); if (ret) { if (errno == ERFKILL) { rfkill_unblock_all(); ret = ioctl(hci_sock, HCIDEVUP, dev_id); } if (ret && errno != EALREADY) exit(1); } struct hci_dev_req dr = {0}; dr.dev_id = dev_id; dr.dev_opt = SCAN_PAGE; if (ioctl(hci_sock, HCISETSCAN, &dr)) exit(1); struct hci_ev_conn_request request; memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request)); memset(&request.bdaddr, 0xaa, 6); *(uint8_t*)&request.bdaddr.b[5] = 0x10; request.link_type = ACL_LINK; hci_send_event_packet(vhci_fd, HCI_EV_CONN_REQUEST, &request, sizeof(request)); struct hci_ev_conn_complete complete; memset(&complete, 0, sizeof(complete)); complete.status = 0; complete.handle = HCI_HANDLE_1; memset(&complete.bdaddr, 0xaa, 6); *(uint8_t*)&complete.bdaddr.b[5] = 0x10; complete.link_type = ACL_LINK; complete.encr_mode = 0; hci_send_event_packet(vhci_fd, HCI_EV_CONN_COMPLETE, &complete, sizeof(complete)); struct hci_ev_remote_features features; memset(&features, 0, sizeof(features)); features.status = 0; features.handle = HCI_HANDLE_1; hci_send_event_packet(vhci_fd, HCI_EV_REMOTE_FEATURES, &features, sizeof(features)); struct { struct hci_ev_le_meta le_meta; struct hci_ev_le_conn_complete le_conn; } le_conn; memset(&le_conn, 0, sizeof(le_conn)); le_conn.le_meta.subevent = HCI_EV_LE_CONN_COMPLETE; memset(&le_conn.le_conn.bdaddr, 0xaa, 6); *(uint8_t*)&le_conn.le_conn.bdaddr.b[5] = 0x11; le_conn.le_conn.role = 1; le_conn.le_conn.handle = HCI_HANDLE_2; hci_send_event_packet(vhci_fd, HCI_EV_LE_META, &le_conn, sizeof(le_conn)); pthread_join(th, NULL); close(hci_sock); } static void setup_gadgetfs(); static void setup_binderfs(); static void setup_fusectl(); static void sandbox_common_mount_tmpfs(void) { write_file("/proc/sys/fs/mount-max", "100000"); if (mkdir("./syz-tmp", 0777)) exit(1); if (mount("", "./syz-tmp", "tmpfs", 0, NULL)) exit(1); if (mkdir("./syz-tmp/newroot", 0777)) exit(1); if (mkdir("./syz-tmp/newroot/dev", 0700)) exit(1); unsigned bind_mount_flags = MS_BIND | MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE; if (mount("/dev", "./syz-tmp/newroot/dev", NULL, bind_mount_flags, NULL)) exit(1); if (mkdir("./syz-tmp/newroot/proc", 0700)) exit(1); if (mount("syz-proc", "./syz-tmp/newroot/proc", "proc", 0, NULL)) exit(1); if (mkdir("./syz-tmp/newroot/selinux", 0700)) exit(1); const char* selinux_path = "./syz-tmp/newroot/selinux"; if (mount("/selinux", selinux_path, NULL, bind_mount_flags, NULL)) { if (errno != ENOENT) exit(1); if (mount("/sys/fs/selinux", selinux_path, NULL, bind_mount_flags, NULL) && errno != ENOENT) exit(1); } if (mkdir("./syz-tmp/newroot/sys", 0700)) exit(1); if (mount("/sys", "./syz-tmp/newroot/sys", 0, bind_mount_flags, NULL)) exit(1); if (mount("/sys/kernel/debug", "./syz-tmp/newroot/sys/kernel/debug", NULL, bind_mount_flags, NULL) && errno != ENOENT) exit(1); if (mount("/sys/fs/smackfs", "./syz-tmp/newroot/sys/fs/smackfs", NULL, bind_mount_flags, NULL) && errno != ENOENT) exit(1); if (mount("/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc", "./syz-tmp/newroot/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc", NULL, bind_mount_flags, NULL) && errno != ENOENT) exit(1); if (mkdir("./syz-tmp/newroot/syz-inputs", 0700)) exit(1); if (mount("/syz-inputs", "./syz-tmp/newroot/syz-inputs", NULL, bind_mount_flags | MS_RDONLY, NULL) && errno != ENOENT) exit(1); if (mkdir("./syz-tmp/pivot", 0777)) exit(1); if (syscall(SYS_pivot_root, "./syz-tmp", "./syz-tmp/pivot")) { if (chdir("./syz-tmp")) exit(1); } else { if (chdir("/")) exit(1); if (umount2("./pivot", MNT_DETACH)) exit(1); } if (chroot("./newroot")) exit(1); if (chdir("/")) exit(1); setup_gadgetfs(); setup_binderfs(); setup_fusectl(); } static void setup_gadgetfs() { if (mkdir("/dev/gadgetfs", 0777)) { } if (mount("gadgetfs", "/dev/gadgetfs", "gadgetfs", 0, NULL)) { } } static void setup_fusectl() { if (mount(0, "/sys/fs/fuse/connections", "fusectl", 0, 0)) { } } static void setup_binderfs() { if (mkdir("/dev/binderfs", 0777)) { } if (mount("binder", "/dev/binderfs", "binder", 0, NULL)) { } } static void loop(); static void sandbox_common() { prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL, 0, 0, 0); if (getppid() == 1) exit(1); struct rlimit rlim; rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = (200 << 20); setrlimit(RLIMIT_AS, &rlim); rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = 32 << 20; setrlimit(RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, &rlim); rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = 136 << 20; setrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE, &rlim); rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = 1 << 20; setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim); rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = 128 << 20; setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rlim); rlim.rlim_cur = rlim.rlim_max = 256; setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim); if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNS)) { } if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL)) { } if (unshare(CLONE_NEWIPC)) { } if (unshare(0x02000000)) { } if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUTS)) { } if (unshare(CLONE_SYSVSEM)) { } typedef struct { const char* name; const char* value; } sysctl_t; static const sysctl_t sysctls[] = { {"/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax", "16777216"}, {"/proc/sys/kernel/shmall", "536870912"}, {"/proc/sys/kernel/shmmni", "1024"}, {"/proc/sys/kernel/msgmax", "8192"}, {"/proc/sys/kernel/msgmni", "1024"}, {"/proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb", "1024"}, {"/proc/sys/kernel/sem", "1024 1048576 500 1024"}, }; unsigned i; for (i = 0; i < sizeof(sysctls) / sizeof(sysctls[0]); i++) write_file(sysctls[i].name, sysctls[i].value); } static int wait_for_loop(int pid) { if (pid < 0) exit(1); int status = 0; while (waitpid(-1, &status, __WALL) != pid) { } return WEXITSTATUS(status); } static void drop_caps(void) { struct __user_cap_header_struct cap_hdr = {}; struct __user_cap_data_struct cap_data[2] = {}; cap_hdr.version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3; cap_hdr.pid = getpid(); if (syscall(SYS_capget, &cap_hdr, &cap_data)) exit(1); const int drop = (1 << CAP_SYS_PTRACE) | (1 << CAP_SYS_NICE); cap_data[0].effective &= ~drop; cap_data[0].permitted &= ~drop; cap_data[0].inheritable &= ~drop; if (syscall(SYS_capset, &cap_hdr, &cap_data)) exit(1); } static int do_sandbox_none(void) { if (unshare(CLONE_NEWPID)) { } int pid = fork(); if (pid != 0) return wait_for_loop(pid); initialize_vhci(); sandbox_common(); drop_caps(); if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET)) { } write_file("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ping_group_range", "0 65535"); sandbox_common_mount_tmpfs(); loop(); exit(1); } #define SWAP_FILE "./swap-file" #define SWAP_FILE_SIZE (128 * 1000 * 1000) static const char* setup_swap() { swapoff(SWAP_FILE); unlink(SWAP_FILE); int fd = open(SWAP_FILE, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC, 0600); if (fd == -1) return "swap file open failed"; fallocate(fd, FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE, 0, SWAP_FILE_SIZE); close(fd); char cmdline[64]; sprintf(cmdline, "mkswap %s", SWAP_FILE); if (runcmdline(cmdline)) return "mkswap failed"; if (swapon(SWAP_FILE, SWAP_FLAG_PREFER) == 1) return "swapon failed"; return NULL; } uint64_t r[1] = {0xffffffffffffffff}; void loop(void) { intptr_t res = 0; if (write(1, "executing program\n", sizeof("executing program\n") - 1)) { } // openat$fuse arguments: [ // fd: const = 0xffffffffffffff9c (8 bytes) // file: ptr[in, buffer] { // buffer: {2f 64 65 76 2f 66 75 73 65 00} (length 0xa) // } // flags: const = 0x2 (4 bytes) // mode: const = 0x0 (2 bytes) // ] // returns fd_fuse memcpy((void*)0x200000000140, "/dev/fuse\000", 10); res = syscall(__NR_openat, /*fd=*/0xffffffffffffff9cul, /*file=*/0x200000000140ul, /*flags=*/2, /*mode=*/0); if (res != -1) r[0] = res; // mount$fuse arguments: [ // src: const = 0x0 (8 bytes) // dst: ptr[in, buffer] { // buffer: {2e 00} (length 0x2) // } // type: ptr[in, buffer] { // buffer: {66 75 73 65 00} (length 0x5) // } // flags: mount_flags = 0x4001 (8 bytes) // opts: ptr[in, fuse_options] { // fuse_options { // fd: fs_opt["fd", fmt[hex, fd_fuse]] { // name: buffer: {66 64} (length 0x2) // eq: const = 0x3d (1 bytes) // val: fd_fuse (resource) // } // comma0: const = 0x2c (1 bytes) // rootmode: fs_opt["rootmode", fmt[oct, flags[fuse_mode]]] { // name: buffer: {72 6f 6f 74 6d 6f 64 65} (length 0x8) // eq: const = 0x3d (1 bytes) // val: fuse_mode = 0x4000 (23 bytes) // } // comma1: const = 0x2c (1 bytes) // user_id: fs_opt["user_id", fmt[dec, uid]] { // name: buffer: {75 73 65 72 5f 69 64} (length 0x7) // eq: const = 0x3d (1 bytes) // val: uid (resource) // } // comma2: const = 0x2c (1 bytes) // group_id: fs_opt["group_id", fmt[dec, gid]] { // name: buffer: {67 72 6f 75 70 5f 69 64} (length 0x8) // eq: const = 0x3d (1 bytes) // val: gid (resource) // } // comma3: const = 0x2c (1 bytes) // opts: fs_options[fuse_opts] { // elems: array[fs_opt_elem[fuse_opts]] { // } // common: array[fs_opt_elem[fs_options_common]] { // } // null: const = 0x0 (1 bytes) // } // } // } // ] memcpy((void*)0x200000002880, ".\000", 2); memcpy((void*)0x2000000028c0, "fuse\000", 5); memcpy((void*)0x2000000000c0, "fd", 2); *(uint8_t*)0x2000000000c2 = 0x3d; sprintf((char*)0x2000000000c3, "0x%016llx", (long long)r[0]); *(uint8_t*)0x2000000000d5 = 0x2c; memcpy((void*)0x2000000000d6, "rootmode", 8); *(uint8_t*)0x2000000000de = 0x3d; sprintf((char*)0x2000000000df, "%023llo", (long long)0x4000); *(uint8_t*)0x2000000000f6 = 0x2c; memcpy((void*)0x2000000000f7, "user_id", 7); *(uint8_t*)0x2000000000fe = 0x3d; sprintf((char*)0x2000000000ff, "%020llu", (long long)0); *(uint8_t*)0x200000000113 = 0x2c; memcpy((void*)0x200000000114, "group_id", 8); *(uint8_t*)0x20000000011c = 0x3d; sprintf((char*)0x20000000011d, "%020llu", (long long)0); *(uint8_t*)0x200000000131 = 0x2c; *(uint8_t*)0x200000000132 = 0; syscall(__NR_mount, /*src=*/0ul, /*dst=*/0x200000002880ul, /*type=*/0x2000000028c0ul, /*flags=MS_REC|MS_RDONLY*/ 0x4001ul, /*opts=*/0x2000000000c0ul); // write$FUSE_NOTIFY_STORE arguments: [ // fd: fd_fuse (resource) // arg: ptr[in, fuse_notify[FUSE_NOTIFY_STORE, fuse_notify_store_out]] { // fuse_notify[FUSE_NOTIFY_STORE, fuse_notify_store_out] { // len: len = 0x2a (4 bytes) // err: const = 0x4 (4 bytes) // unique: const = 0x0 (8 bytes) // payload: fuse_notify_store_out { // nodeid: int64 = 0x1 (8 bytes) // off: int64 = 0x7fff (8 bytes) // size: len = 0x2 (4 bytes) // padding: const = 0x0 (4 bytes) // data: array[const[0, const]] { // const = 0x0 (1 bytes) // const = 0x0 (1 bytes) // } // } // } // } // len: bytesize = 0x2a (8 bytes) // ] *(uint32_t*)0x200000000080 = 0x2a; *(uint32_t*)0x200000000084 = 4; *(uint64_t*)0x200000000088 = 0; *(uint64_t*)0x200000000090 = 1; *(uint64_t*)0x200000000098 = 0x7fff; *(uint32_t*)0x2000000000a0 = 2; *(uint32_t*)0x2000000000a4 = 0; *(uint8_t*)0x2000000000a8 = 0; *(uint8_t*)0x2000000000a9 = 0; syscall(__NR_write, /*fd=*/r[0], /*arg=*/0x200000000080ul, /*len=*/0x2aul); } int main(void) { syscall(__NR_mmap, /*addr=*/0x1ffffffff000ul, /*len=*/0x1000ul, /*prot=*/0ul, /*flags=MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE*/ 0x32ul, /*fd=*/(intptr_t)-1, /*offset=*/0ul); syscall(__NR_mmap, /*addr=*/0x200000000000ul, /*len=*/0x1000000ul, /*prot=PROT_WRITE|PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC*/ 7ul, /*flags=MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE*/ 0x32ul, /*fd=*/(intptr_t)-1, /*offset=*/0ul); syscall(__NR_mmap, /*addr=*/0x200001000000ul, /*len=*/0x1000ul, /*prot=*/0ul, /*flags=MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE*/ 0x32ul, /*fd=*/(intptr_t)-1, /*offset=*/0ul); const char* reason; (void)reason; if ((reason = setup_swap())) printf("the reproducer may not work as expected: swap setup failed: %s\n", reason); use_temporary_dir(); do_sandbox_none(); return 0; }