syzbot


possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (2)

Status: upstream: reported on 2023/04/21 09:42
Subsystems: input
[Documentation on labels]
Reported-by: syzbot+13d3cb2a3dc61e6092f5@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
First crash: 1012d, last: 6d20h
Discussions (30)
Title Replies (including bot) Last reply
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Jan 2026) 0 (1) 2026/01/19 08:22
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Dec 2025) 0 (1) 2025/12/17 13:12
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Nov 2025) 0 (1) 2025/11/17 07:50
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Oct 2025) 0 (1) 2025/10/16 08:36
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Sep 2025) 0 (1) 2025/09/15 06:53
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Aug 2025) 0 (1) 2025/08/14 12:42
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Jul 2025) 0 (1) 2025/07/14 07:23
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Jun 2025) 0 (1) 2025/06/13 12:25
[syzbot] Monthly input report (May 2025) 0 (1) 2025/05/12 13:34
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Apr 2025) 0 (1) 2025/04/09 07:11
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Mar 2025) 0 (1) 2025/03/08 22:15
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Jan 2025) 0 (1) 2025/01/06 10:01
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Dec 2024) 0 (1) 2024/12/05 09:04
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Nov 2024) 0 (1) 2024/11/04 08:58
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Oct 2024) 0 (1) 2024/10/03 09:03
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Sep 2024) 0 (1) 2024/09/02 08:17
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Aug 2024) 0 (1) 2024/08/02 07:26
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Jul 2024) 0 (1) 2024/07/01 10:27
[syzbot] Monthly input report (May 2024) 0 (1) 2024/05/31 06:48
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Apr 2024) 0 (1) 2024/04/29 12:34
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Mar 2024) 0 (1) 2024/03/19 12:48
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Feb 2024) 0 (1) 2024/02/17 20:23
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Jan 2024) 0 (1) 2024/01/17 09:21
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Dec 2023) 0 (1) 2023/12/16 23:58
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Nov 2023) 0 (1) 2023/11/16 04:11
[syzbot] Monthly input report (Oct 2023) 0 (1) 2023/10/16 08:53
[syzbot] Monthly fs report (Aug 2023) 0 (1) 2023/08/08 12:55
[syzbot] Monthly fs report (Jul 2023) 0 (1) 2023/07/10 09:36
[syzbot] Monthly fs report (May 2023) 0 (1) 2023/05/06 14:02
[syzbot] [fs?] possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (2) 0 (1) 2023/04/21 09:42
Similar bugs (11)
Kernel Title Rank 🛈 Repro Cause bisect Fix bisect Count Last Reported Patched Status
upstream possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values fuse kernfs 4 351 1016d 1839d 0/29 closed as dup on 2021/07/02 09:55
linux-5.15 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (3) 4 11 513d 546d 0/3 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2024/11/05 23:17
linux-6.1 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (3) 4 17 598d 665d 0/3 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2024/08/12 15:10
linux-5.15 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (4) 4 2 353d 364d 0/3 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2025/05/14 14:17
linux-6.1 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values 4 1 936d 936d 0/3 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2023/10/09 19:52
linux-6.6 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values 4 2 168d 177d 0/2 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2025/11/15 13:39
linux-5.15 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values 4 6 814d 917d 0/3 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2024/02/09 07:09
linux-6.1 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (4) 4 12 99d 294d 0/3 upstream: reported on 2025/04/03 09:00
linux-5.15 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (2) 4 22 632d 709d 0/3 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2024/07/10 03:27
linux-6.1 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (2) 4 1 797d 797d 0/3 auto-obsoleted due to no activity on 2024/02/25 22:49
linux-5.15 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values (5) 4 4 3d06h 150d 0/3 upstream: reported on 2025/08/26 05:46

Sample crash report:
=====================================================
WARNING: SOFTIRQ-safe -> SOFTIRQ-unsafe lock order detected
syzkaller #0 Tainted: G             L     
-----------------------------------------------------
syz.7.5942/30219 [HC0[0]:SC0[0]:HE0:SE1] is trying to acquire:
ffff88806c3148a0 (&new->fa_lock){....}-{3:3}, at: kill_fasync_rcu fs/fcntl.c:1135 [inline]
ffff88806c3148a0 (&new->fa_lock){....}-{3:3}, at: kill_fasync+0x199/0x4d0 fs/fcntl.c:1159

and this task is already holding:
ffff888048c0e028 (&client->buffer_lock){..-.}-{3:3}, at: spin_lock include/linux/spinlock.h:351 [inline]
ffff888048c0e028 (&client->buffer_lock){..-.}-{3:3}, at: evdev_pass_values+0xb9/0xbd0 drivers/input/evdev.c:261
which would create a new lock dependency:
 (&client->buffer_lock){..-.}-{3:3} -> (&new->fa_lock){....}-{3:3}

but this new dependency connects a SOFTIRQ-irq-safe lock:
 (&client->buffer_lock){..-.}-{3:3}

... which became SOFTIRQ-irq-safe at:
  lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
  __raw_spin_lock include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:133 [inline]
  _raw_spin_lock+0x2e/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:154
  spin_lock include/linux/spinlock.h:351 [inline]
  evdev_pass_values+0xb9/0xbd0 drivers/input/evdev.c:261
  evdev_events+0x1e6/0x340 drivers/input/evdev.c:306
  input_pass_values+0x288/0x890 drivers/input/input.c:128
  input_event_dispose+0x3e5/0x6b0 drivers/input/input.c:353
  input_event+0x89/0xe0 drivers/input/input.c:396
  hidinput_hid_event+0x145e/0x1e50 drivers/hid/hid-input.c:1747
  hid_process_event+0x4be/0x620 drivers/hid/hid-core.c:1565
  hid_process_report drivers/hid/hid-core.c:1713 [inline]
  hid_report_raw_event+0xe91/0x1720 drivers/hid/hid-core.c:2074
  __hid_input_report drivers/hid/hid-core.c:2144 [inline]
  hid_input_report+0x44b/0x580 drivers/hid/hid-core.c:2166
  hid_irq_in+0x47e/0x6d0 drivers/hid/usbhid/hid-core.c:286
  __usb_hcd_giveback_urb+0x376/0x540 drivers/usb/core/hcd.c:1661
  dummy_timer+0x85f/0x45b0 drivers/usb/gadget/udc/dummy_hcd.c:1995
  __run_hrtimer kernel/time/hrtimer.c:1777 [inline]
  __hrtimer_run_queues+0x51c/0xc30 kernel/time/hrtimer.c:1841
  hrtimer_run_softirq+0x187/0x2b0 kernel/time/hrtimer.c:1858
  handle_softirqs+0x22b/0x7c0 kernel/softirq.c:622
  __do_softirq kernel/softirq.c:656 [inline]
  invoke_softirq kernel/softirq.c:496 [inline]
  __irq_exit_rcu+0x60/0x150 kernel/softirq.c:723
  irq_exit_rcu+0x9/0x30 kernel/softirq.c:739
  instr_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1056 [inline]
  sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0xa6/0xc0 arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1056
  asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x1a/0x20 arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:697
  native_safe_halt arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:48 [inline]
  pv_native_safe_halt+0x13/0x20 arch/x86/kernel/paravirt.c:81
  arch_safe_halt arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h:107 [inline]
  default_idle+0x13/0x20 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:767
  default_idle_call+0x73/0xb0 kernel/sched/idle.c:122
  cpuidle_idle_call kernel/sched/idle.c:191 [inline]
  do_idle+0x1be/0x4d0 kernel/sched/idle.c:332
  cpu_startup_entry+0x44/0x60 kernel/sched/idle.c:430
  rest_init+0x2de/0x300 init/main.c:757
  start_kernel+0x381/0x3d0 init/main.c:1206
  x86_64_start_reservations+0x24/0x30 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:310
  x86_64_start_kernel+0x143/0x1c0 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:291
  common_startup_64+0x13e/0x147

to a SOFTIRQ-irq-unsafe lock:
 (tasklist_lock){.+.+}-{3:3}

... which became SOFTIRQ-irq-unsafe at:
...
  lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
  __raw_read_lock include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:150 [inline]
  _raw_read_lock+0x36/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:228
  __do_wait+0xde/0x740 kernel/exit.c:1672
  do_wait+0x1e8/0x4f0 kernel/exit.c:1716
  kernel_wait+0xab/0x170 kernel/exit.c:1892
  call_usermodehelper_exec_sync kernel/umh.c:136 [inline]
  call_usermodehelper_exec_work+0xbe/0x230 kernel/umh.c:163
  process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3257 [inline]
  process_scheduled_works+0xad1/0x1770 kernel/workqueue.c:3340
  worker_thread+0x8a0/0xda0 kernel/workqueue.c:3421
  kthread+0x711/0x8a0 kernel/kthread.c:463
  ret_from_fork+0x510/0xa50 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158
  ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:246

other info that might help us debug this:

Chain exists of:
  &client->buffer_lock --> &new->fa_lock --> tasklist_lock

 Possible interrupt unsafe locking scenario:

       CPU0                    CPU1
       ----                    ----
  lock(tasklist_lock);
                               local_irq_disable();
                               lock(&client->buffer_lock);
                               lock(&new->fa_lock);
  <Interrupt>
    lock(&client->buffer_lock);

 *** DEADLOCK ***

7 locks held by syz.7.5942/30219:
 #0: ffff88814574c118 (&evdev->mutex){+.+.}-{4:4}, at: evdev_write+0x1a1/0x480 drivers/input/evdev.c:511
 #1: ffff88801cbc3230 (&dev->event_lock#2){..-.}-{3:3}, at: class_spinlock_irqsave_constructor include/linux/spinlock.h:585 [inline]
 #1: ffff88801cbc3230 (&dev->event_lock#2){..-.}-{3:3}, at: input_inject_event+0xa5/0x340 drivers/input/input.c:419
 #2: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_lock_acquire include/linux/rcupdate.h:331 [inline]
 #2: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_read_lock include/linux/rcupdate.h:867 [inline]
 #2: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: class_rcu_constructor include/linux/rcupdate.h:1195 [inline]
 #2: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: input_inject_event+0xb6/0x340 drivers/input/input.c:420
 #3: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_lock_acquire include/linux/rcupdate.h:331 [inline]
 #3: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_read_lock include/linux/rcupdate.h:867 [inline]
 #3: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: class_rcu_constructor include/linux/rcupdate.h:1195 [inline]
 #3: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: input_pass_values+0x8d/0x890 drivers/input/input.c:119
 #4: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_lock_acquire include/linux/rcupdate.h:331 [inline]
 #4: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_read_lock include/linux/rcupdate.h:867 [inline]
 #4: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: evdev_events+0x79/0x340 drivers/input/evdev.c:298
 #5: ffff888048c0e028 (&client->buffer_lock){..-.}-{3:3}, at: spin_lock include/linux/spinlock.h:351 [inline]
 #5: ffff888048c0e028 (&client->buffer_lock){..-.}-{3:3}, at: evdev_pass_values+0xb9/0xbd0 drivers/input/evdev.c:261
 #6: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_lock_acquire include/linux/rcupdate.h:331 [inline]
 #6: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: rcu_read_lock include/linux/rcupdate.h:867 [inline]
 #6: ffffffff8df41aa0 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:3}, at: kill_fasync+0x53/0x4d0 fs/fcntl.c:1158

the dependencies between SOFTIRQ-irq-safe lock and the holding lock:
-> (&client->buffer_lock){..-.}-{3:3} {
   IN-SOFTIRQ-W at:
                    lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                    __raw_spin_lock include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:133 [inline]
                    _raw_spin_lock+0x2e/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:154
                    spin_lock include/linux/spinlock.h:351 [inline]
                    evdev_pass_values+0xb9/0xbd0 drivers/input/evdev.c:261
                    evdev_events+0x1e6/0x340 drivers/input/evdev.c:306
                    input_pass_values+0x288/0x890 drivers/input/input.c:128
                    input_event_dispose+0x3e5/0x6b0 drivers/input/input.c:353
                    input_event+0x89/0xe0 drivers/input/input.c:396
                    hidinput_hid_event+0x145e/0x1e50 drivers/hid/hid-input.c:1747
                    hid_process_event+0x4be/0x620 drivers/hid/hid-core.c:1565
                    hid_process_report drivers/hid/hid-core.c:1713 [inline]
                    hid_report_raw_event+0xe91/0x1720 drivers/hid/hid-core.c:2074
                    __hid_input_report drivers/hid/hid-core.c:2144 [inline]
                    hid_input_report+0x44b/0x580 drivers/hid/hid-core.c:2166
                    hid_irq_in+0x47e/0x6d0 drivers/hid/usbhid/hid-core.c:286
                    __usb_hcd_giveback_urb+0x376/0x540 drivers/usb/core/hcd.c:1661
                    dummy_timer+0x85f/0x45b0 drivers/usb/gadget/udc/dummy_hcd.c:1995
                    __run_hrtimer kernel/time/hrtimer.c:1777 [inline]
                    __hrtimer_run_queues+0x51c/0xc30 kernel/time/hrtimer.c:1841
                    hrtimer_run_softirq+0x187/0x2b0 kernel/time/hrtimer.c:1858
                    handle_softirqs+0x22b/0x7c0 kernel/softirq.c:622
                    __do_softirq kernel/softirq.c:656 [inline]
                    invoke_softirq kernel/softirq.c:496 [inline]
                    __irq_exit_rcu+0x60/0x150 kernel/softirq.c:723
                    irq_exit_rcu+0x9/0x30 kernel/softirq.c:739
                    instr_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1056 [inline]
                    sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0xa6/0xc0 arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1056
                    asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x1a/0x20 arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:697
                    native_safe_halt arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:48 [inline]
                    pv_native_safe_halt+0x13/0x20 arch/x86/kernel/paravirt.c:81
                    arch_safe_halt arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h:107 [inline]
                    default_idle+0x13/0x20 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:767
                    default_idle_call+0x73/0xb0 kernel/sched/idle.c:122
                    cpuidle_idle_call kernel/sched/idle.c:191 [inline]
                    do_idle+0x1be/0x4d0 kernel/sched/idle.c:332
                    cpu_startup_entry+0x44/0x60 kernel/sched/idle.c:430
                    rest_init+0x2de/0x300 init/main.c:757
                    start_kernel+0x381/0x3d0 init/main.c:1206
                    x86_64_start_reservations+0x24/0x30 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:310
                    x86_64_start_kernel+0x143/0x1c0 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:291
                    common_startup_64+0x13e/0x147
   INITIAL USE at:
                   lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                   __raw_spin_lock include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:133 [inline]
                   _raw_spin_lock+0x2e/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:154
                   spin_lock include/linux/spinlock.h:351 [inline]
                   evdev_pass_values+0xb9/0xbd0 drivers/input/evdev.c:261
                   evdev_events+0x1aa/0x340 drivers/input/evdev.c:303
                   input_pass_values+0x1c2/0x890 drivers/input/input.c:122
                   input_event_dispose+0x330/0x6b0 drivers/input/input.c:342
                   input_inject_event+0x1dd/0x340 drivers/input/input.c:424
                   evdev_write+0x2fc/0x480 drivers/input/evdev.c:528
                   vfs_write+0x27e/0xb30 fs/read_write.c:684
                   ksys_write+0x145/0x250 fs/read_write.c:738
                   do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
                   do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
                   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
 }
 ... key      at: [<ffffffff99c46860>] evdev_open.__key.26+0x0/0x20

the dependencies between the lock to be acquired
 and SOFTIRQ-irq-unsafe lock:
  -> (tasklist_lock){.+.+}-{3:3} {
     HARDIRQ-ON-R at:
                        lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                        __raw_read_lock include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:150 [inline]
                        _raw_read_lock+0x36/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:228
                        __do_wait+0xde/0x740 kernel/exit.c:1672
                        do_wait+0x1e8/0x4f0 kernel/exit.c:1716
                        kernel_wait+0xab/0x170 kernel/exit.c:1892
                        call_usermodehelper_exec_sync kernel/umh.c:136 [inline]
                        call_usermodehelper_exec_work+0xbe/0x230 kernel/umh.c:163
                        process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3257 [inline]
                        process_scheduled_works+0xad1/0x1770 kernel/workqueue.c:3340
                        worker_thread+0x8a0/0xda0 kernel/workqueue.c:3421
                        kthread+0x711/0x8a0 kernel/kthread.c:463
                        ret_from_fork+0x510/0xa50 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158
                        ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:246
     SOFTIRQ-ON-R at:
                        lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                        __raw_read_lock include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:150 [inline]
                        _raw_read_lock+0x36/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:228
                        __do_wait+0xde/0x740 kernel/exit.c:1672
                        do_wait+0x1e8/0x4f0 kernel/exit.c:1716
                        kernel_wait+0xab/0x170 kernel/exit.c:1892
                        call_usermodehelper_exec_sync kernel/umh.c:136 [inline]
                        call_usermodehelper_exec_work+0xbe/0x230 kernel/umh.c:163
                        process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3257 [inline]
                        process_scheduled_works+0xad1/0x1770 kernel/workqueue.c:3340
                        worker_thread+0x8a0/0xda0 kernel/workqueue.c:3421
                        kthread+0x711/0x8a0 kernel/kthread.c:463
                        ret_from_fork+0x510/0xa50 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158
                        ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:246
     INITIAL USE at:
                       lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                       __raw_write_lock_irq include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:195 [inline]
                       _raw_write_lock_irq+0x3d/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:326
                       copy_process+0x2185/0x3950 kernel/fork.c:2367
                       kernel_clone+0x21e/0x820 kernel/fork.c:2651
                       user_mode_thread+0xdd/0x140 kernel/fork.c:2727
                       rest_init+0x23/0x300 init/main.c:722
                       start_kernel+0x381/0x3d0 init/main.c:1206
                       x86_64_start_reservations+0x24/0x30 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:310
                       x86_64_start_kernel+0x143/0x1c0 arch/x86/kernel/head64.c:291
                       common_startup_64+0x13e/0x147
     INITIAL READ USE at:
                            lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                            __raw_read_lock include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:150 [inline]
                            _raw_read_lock+0x36/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:228
                            __do_wait+0xde/0x740 kernel/exit.c:1672
                            do_wait+0x1e8/0x4f0 kernel/exit.c:1716
                            kernel_wait+0xab/0x170 kernel/exit.c:1892
                            call_usermodehelper_exec_sync kernel/umh.c:136 [inline]
                            call_usermodehelper_exec_work+0xbe/0x230 kernel/umh.c:163
                            process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3257 [inline]
                            process_scheduled_works+0xad1/0x1770 kernel/workqueue.c:3340
                            worker_thread+0x8a0/0xda0 kernel/workqueue.c:3421
                            kthread+0x711/0x8a0 kernel/kthread.c:463
                            ret_from_fork+0x510/0xa50 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:158
                            ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:246
   }
   ... key      at: [<ffffffff8dc0c058>] tasklist_lock+0x18/0x40
   ... acquired at:
   __raw_read_lock include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:150 [inline]
   _raw_read_lock+0x36/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:228
   send_sigurg+0x12b/0x420 fs/fcntl.c:978
   sk_send_sigurg+0x6c/0x2e0 net/core/sock.c:3669
   queue_oob+0x420/0x4f0 net/unix/af_unix.c:2357
   unix_stream_sendmsg+0xc32/0xde0 net/unix/af_unix.c:2491
   sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:727 [inline]
   __sock_sendmsg+0x21c/0x270 net/socket.c:742
   ____sys_sendmsg+0x52d/0x820 net/socket.c:2592
   ___sys_sendmsg+0x21f/0x2a0 net/socket.c:2646
   __sys_sendmmsg+0x227/0x430 net/socket.c:2735
   __do_sys_sendmmsg net/socket.c:2762 [inline]
   __se_sys_sendmmsg net/socket.c:2759 [inline]
   __x64_sys_sendmmsg+0xa0/0xc0 net/socket.c:2759
   do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
   do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

 -> (&f_owner->lock){....}-{3:3} {
    INITIAL USE at:
                     lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                     __raw_write_lock_irq include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:195 [inline]
                     _raw_write_lock_irq+0x3d/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:326
                     __f_setown+0x67/0x370 fs/fcntl.c:136
                     generic_add_lease fs/locks.c:1895 [inline]
                     generic_setlease+0xe1e/0x1280 fs/locks.c:1971
                     do_fcntl_add_lease+0x34d/0x460 fs/locks.c:2074
                     fcntl_setdeleg+0x14c/0x1e0 fs/locks.c:2120
                     do_fcntl+0xd9f/0x1a50 fs/fcntl.c:564
                     __do_sys_fcntl fs/fcntl.c:602 [inline]
                     __se_sys_fcntl+0xc8/0x150 fs/fcntl.c:587
                     do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
                     do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
                     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
    INITIAL READ USE at:
                          lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                          __raw_read_lock_irqsave include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:160 [inline]
                          _raw_read_lock_irqsave+0x48/0x60 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:236
                          send_sigio+0x38/0x370 fs/fcntl.c:918
                          kill_fasync_rcu fs/fcntl.c:1144 [inline]
                          kill_fasync+0x24d/0x4d0 fs/fcntl.c:1159
                          lease_break_callback+0x26/0x30 fs/locks.c:558
                          __break_lease+0x730/0x1620 fs/locks.c:1598
                          break_deleg include/linux/filelock.h:496 [inline]
                          try_break_deleg include/linux/filelock.h:515 [inline]
                          lookup_open fs/namei.c:4429 [inline]
                          open_last_lookups fs/namei.c:4540 [inline]
                          path_openat+0x17a8/0x3dd0 fs/namei.c:4784
                          do_filp_open+0x1fa/0x410 fs/namei.c:4814
                          do_sys_openat2+0x121/0x200 fs/open.c:1430
                          do_sys_open fs/open.c:1436 [inline]
                          __do_sys_openat fs/open.c:1452 [inline]
                          __se_sys_openat fs/open.c:1447 [inline]
                          __x64_sys_openat+0x138/0x170 fs/open.c:1447
                          do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
                          do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
                          entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
  }
  ... key      at: [<ffffffff99928c60>] file_f_owner_allocate.__key+0x0/0x20
  ... acquired at:
   __raw_read_lock_irqsave include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:160 [inline]
   _raw_read_lock_irqsave+0x48/0x60 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:236
   send_sigio+0x38/0x370 fs/fcntl.c:918
   kill_fasync_rcu fs/fcntl.c:1144 [inline]
   kill_fasync+0x24d/0x4d0 fs/fcntl.c:1159
   lease_break_callback+0x26/0x30 fs/locks.c:558
   __break_lease+0x730/0x1620 fs/locks.c:1598
   break_deleg include/linux/filelock.h:496 [inline]
   try_break_deleg include/linux/filelock.h:515 [inline]
   lookup_open fs/namei.c:4429 [inline]
   open_last_lookups fs/namei.c:4540 [inline]
   path_openat+0x17a8/0x3dd0 fs/namei.c:4784
   do_filp_open+0x1fa/0x410 fs/namei.c:4814
   do_sys_openat2+0x121/0x200 fs/open.c:1430
   do_sys_open fs/open.c:1436 [inline]
   __do_sys_openat fs/open.c:1452 [inline]
   __se_sys_openat fs/open.c:1447 [inline]
   __x64_sys_openat+0x138/0x170 fs/open.c:1447
   do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
   do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

-> (&new->fa_lock){....}-{3:3} {
   INITIAL USE at:
                   lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                   __raw_write_lock_irq include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:195 [inline]
                   _raw_write_lock_irq+0x3d/0x50 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:326
                   fasync_remove_entry+0xf1/0x1c0 fs/fcntl.c:1012
                   lease_modify+0x1ca/0x3c0 fs/locks.c:1455
                   locks_remove_lease fs/locks.c:2734 [inline]
                   locks_remove_file+0x4bf/0xea0 fs/locks.c:2759
                   __fput+0x3ab/0xa70 fs/file_table.c:460
                   task_work_run+0x1d4/0x260 kernel/task_work.c:233
                   resume_user_mode_work include/linux/resume_user_mode.h:50 [inline]
                   __exit_to_user_mode_loop kernel/entry/common.c:44 [inline]
                   exit_to_user_mode_loop+0xef/0x4e0 kernel/entry/common.c:75
                   __exit_to_user_mode_prepare include/linux/irq-entry-common.h:226 [inline]
                   syscall_exit_to_user_mode_prepare include/linux/irq-entry-common.h:256 [inline]
                   syscall_exit_to_user_mode_work include/linux/entry-common.h:159 [inline]
                   syscall_exit_to_user_mode include/linux/entry-common.h:194 [inline]
                   do_syscall_64+0x2c1/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:100
                   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
   INITIAL READ USE at:
                        lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
                        __raw_read_lock_irqsave include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:160 [inline]
                        _raw_read_lock_irqsave+0x48/0x60 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:236
                        kill_fasync_rcu fs/fcntl.c:1135 [inline]
                        kill_fasync+0x199/0x4d0 fs/fcntl.c:1159
                        lease_break_callback+0x26/0x30 fs/locks.c:558
                        __break_lease+0x730/0x1620 fs/locks.c:1598
                        break_deleg include/linux/filelock.h:496 [inline]
                        try_break_deleg include/linux/filelock.h:515 [inline]
                        lookup_open fs/namei.c:4429 [inline]
                        open_last_lookups fs/namei.c:4540 [inline]
                        path_openat+0x17a8/0x3dd0 fs/namei.c:4784
                        do_filp_open+0x1fa/0x410 fs/namei.c:4814
                        do_sys_openat2+0x121/0x200 fs/open.c:1430
                        do_sys_open fs/open.c:1436 [inline]
                        __do_sys_openat fs/open.c:1452 [inline]
                        __se_sys_openat fs/open.c:1447 [inline]
                        __x64_sys_openat+0x138/0x170 fs/open.c:1447
                        do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
                        do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
                        entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
 }
 ... key      at: [<ffffffff99928c80>] fasync_insert_entry.__key+0x0/0x20
 ... acquired at:
   __raw_read_lock_irqsave include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:160 [inline]
   _raw_read_lock_irqsave+0x48/0x60 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:236
   kill_fasync_rcu fs/fcntl.c:1135 [inline]
   kill_fasync+0x199/0x4d0 fs/fcntl.c:1159
   __pass_event drivers/input/evdev.c:240 [inline]
   evdev_pass_values+0x627/0xbd0 drivers/input/evdev.c:278
   evdev_events+0x1e6/0x340 drivers/input/evdev.c:306
   input_pass_values+0x288/0x890 drivers/input/input.c:128
   input_event_dispose+0x330/0x6b0 drivers/input/input.c:342
   input_inject_event+0x1dd/0x340 drivers/input/input.c:424
   evdev_write+0x2fc/0x480 drivers/input/evdev.c:528
   vfs_write+0x27e/0xb30 fs/read_write.c:684
   ksys_write+0x145/0x250 fs/read_write.c:738
   do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
   do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f


stack backtrace:
CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 30219 Comm: syz.7.5942 Tainted: G             L      syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full) 
Tainted: [L]=SOFTLOCKUP
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 10/25/2025
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 dump_stack_lvl+0xe8/0x150 lib/dump_stack.c:120
 print_bad_irq_dependency kernel/locking/lockdep.c:2616 [inline]
 check_irq_usage kernel/locking/lockdep.c:2857 [inline]
 check_prev_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3169 [inline]
 check_prevs_add kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3284 [inline]
 validate_chain kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3908 [inline]
 __lock_acquire+0x2a95/0x2cf0 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5237
 lock_acquire+0x107/0x340 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5868
 __raw_read_lock_irqsave include/linux/rwlock_api_smp.h:160 [inline]
 _raw_read_lock_irqsave+0x48/0x60 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:236
 kill_fasync_rcu fs/fcntl.c:1135 [inline]
 kill_fasync+0x199/0x4d0 fs/fcntl.c:1159
 __pass_event drivers/input/evdev.c:240 [inline]
 evdev_pass_values+0x627/0xbd0 drivers/input/evdev.c:278
 evdev_events+0x1e6/0x340 drivers/input/evdev.c:306
 input_pass_values+0x288/0x890 drivers/input/input.c:128
 input_event_dispose+0x330/0x6b0 drivers/input/input.c:342
 input_inject_event+0x1dd/0x340 drivers/input/input.c:424
 evdev_write+0x2fc/0x480 drivers/input/evdev.c:528
 vfs_write+0x27e/0xb30 fs/read_write.c:684
 ksys_write+0x145/0x250 fs/read_write.c:738
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0xec/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
RIP: 0033:0x7f0d8278f749
Code: ff ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 40 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 a8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48
RSP: 002b:00007f0d8361d038 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f0d829e5fa0 RCX: 00007f0d8278f749
RDX: 0000000000001068 RSI: 0000200000000040 RDI: 0000000000000007
RBP: 00007f0d82813f91 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: 00007f0d829e6038 R14: 00007f0d829e5fa0 R15: 00007f0d82b0fa28
 </TASK>

Crashes (1659):
Time Kernel Commit Syzkaller Config Log Report Syz repro C repro VM info Assets (help?) Manager Title
2026/01/05 22:29 upstream 3609fa95fb0f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/05 19:37 upstream 3609fa95fb0f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/05 18:24 upstream 3609fa95fb0f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/05 15:11 upstream 3609fa95fb0f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/05 10:35 upstream 3609fa95fb0f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/04 21:27 upstream 54e82e93ca93 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-badwrites-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/04 18:16 upstream 54e82e93ca93 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/04 14:44 upstream aacb0a6d604a d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/04 11:58 upstream aacb0a6d604a d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/04 09:39 upstream aacb0a6d604a d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/04 05:22 upstream aacb0a6d604a d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/12 12:43 upstream 187d0801404f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-selinux-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/12 08:03 upstream d358e5254674 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/12 05:20 upstream d358e5254674 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/12 00:34 upstream d358e5254674 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/11 14:17 upstream d358e5254674 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-selinux-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/11 07:41 upstream d358e5254674 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-badwrites-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/10 06:29 upstream c9b47175e913 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-badwrites-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/07 16:12 upstream 37bb2e7217b0 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-badwrites-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/06 16:35 upstream 416f99c3b16f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-selinux-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/06 05:51 upstream 51d90a15fedf d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/05 23:53 upstream d1d36025a617 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-badwrites-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/03 03:58 upstream 619f4edc8d4f d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/02 17:09 upstream 4a26e7032d7d d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/08/23 14:33 upstream 038d61fd6422 bf27483f .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-smack-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/16 12:05 upstream 983d014aafb1 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/15 00:29 upstream 944aacb68baf d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/14 11:06 upstream c537e12daeec d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/13 21:15 upstream b54345928fa1 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/12 22:23 upstream b71e635feefc d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/12 06:45 upstream 0f61b1860cc3 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/10 13:47 upstream b6151c4e60e5 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/10 00:01 upstream 372800cb95a3 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/07 23:37 upstream f0b9d8eb98df d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/07 17:34 upstream f0b9d8eb98df d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/06 19:50 upstream f0b9d8eb98df d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/06 01:00 upstream 7f98ab9da046 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/17 07:07 upstream ea1013c15392 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/16 10:26 upstream 40fbbd64bba6 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/15 09:48 upstream 8f0b4cce4481 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/14 09:59 upstream 8f0b4cce4481 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/13 06:43 upstream 9551a26f17d9 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/12 09:43 upstream d358e5254674 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/04 21:34 upstream fa5ef105618a d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/04 07:42 upstream 559e608c4655 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/03 18:03 upstream 3f9f0252130e d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/11/13 19:04 upstream 2ccec5944606 07e030de .config console log report info [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/10/22 22:28 upstream dd72c8fcf6d3 c0460fcd .config console log report info [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream-386 possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2023/04/19 19:50 upstream 789b4a41c247 a219f34e .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2023/04/16 17:07 upstream 3e7bb4f24617 ec410564 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/13 02:58 linux-next f417b7ffcbef d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2026/01/09 18:20 linux-next f417b7ffcbef d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/14 05:45 linux-next d9771d0dbe18 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/11 03:39 linux-next 5ce74bc1b7cb d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/10 04:54 linux-next 008d3547aae5 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/09 03:47 linux-next c75caf76ed86 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/12/03 07:02 linux-next b2c27842ba85 d6526ea3 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
2025/10/23 23:03 linux-next aaa9c3550b60 c0460fcd .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-rust-kasan-gce possible deadlock in evdev_pass_values
* Struck through repros no longer work on HEAD.