syzbot


general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map

Status: upstream: reported C repro on 2026/03/17 03:14
Subsystems: nilfs
[Documentation on labels]
Reported-by: syzbot+4b4093b1f24ad789bf37@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Fix commit: 4a4e0328edd9 nilfs2: fix NULL i_assoc_inode dereference in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
Patched on: [ci-qemu-gce-upstream-auto ci-qemu-upstream ci-qemu-upstream-386 ci-qemu2-arm32 ci-qemu2-arm64 ci-qemu2-arm64-compat ci-qemu2-arm64-mte ci-snapshot-upstream-root ci-upstream-bpf-kasan-gce ci-upstream-bpf-next-kasan-gce ci-upstream-gce-leak ci-upstream-kasan-badwrites-root ci-upstream-kasan-gce ci-upstream-kasan-gce-386 ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root ci-upstream-kasan-gce-selinux-root ci-upstream-kasan-gce-smack-root ci-upstream-kmsan-gce-386-root ci-upstream-kmsan-gce-root ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root ci-upstream-net-kasan-gce ci-upstream-net-this-kasan-gce ci-upstream-rust-kasan-gce ci2-upstream-fs ci2-upstream-kcsan-gce ci2-upstream-usb], missing on: [ci-qemu-native-arm64-kvm ci-qemu2-riscv64 ci-upstream-gce-arm64]
First crash: 40d, last: 8d01h
Cause bisection: failed (error log, bisect log)
  
Discussions (4)
Title Replies (including bot) Last reply
[PATCH] nilfs2: fix NULL i_assoc_inode dereference in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map 2 (2) 2026/03/31 02:59
[PATCH] nilfs2: fix NULL i_assoc_inode dereference in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map 2 (2) 2026/03/18 02:10
[PATCH] nilfs2: no longer save to shadow map if the num of members is too small 8 (8) 2026/03/18 01:16
[syzbot] [nilfs?] general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map 1 (9) 2026/03/17 08:41
Similar bugs (3)
Kernel Title Rank 🛈 Repro Cause bisect Fix bisect Count Last Reported Patched Status
linux-5.15 general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map origin:upstream 2 C 16 2d07h 18d 0/3 upstream: reported C repro on 2026/04/03 15:20
linux-6.6 general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map origin:lts-only 2 C error 12 2d06h 6d00h 0/2 upstream: reported C repro on 2026/04/16 08:31
linux-6.1 BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map 8 C 25 2d06h 34d 0/3 upstream: reported C repro on 2026/03/19 02:00
Last patch testing requests (7)
Created Duration User Patch Repo Result
2026/03/17 08:26 28m kartikey406@gmail.com patch linux-next OK log
2026/03/17 08:09 25m eadavis@qq.com patch linux-next OK log
2026/03/17 07:36 22m kartikey406@gmail.com patch linux-next OK log
2026/03/17 06:47 16m kartikey406@gmail.com patch linux-next report log
2026/03/17 06:25 17m kartikey406@gmail.com patch linux-next report log
2026/03/17 04:25 26m kartikey406@gmail.com patch linux-next report log
2026/03/17 03:40 16m kartikey406@gmail.com patch linux-next report log

Sample crash report:
loop0: detected capacity change from 0 to 4096
NILFS (loop0): invalid segment: Checksum error in segment payload
NILFS (loop0): trying rollback from an earlier position
NILFS (loop0): recovery complete
Oops: general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xdffffc0000000006: 0000 [#1] SMP KASAN PTI
KASAN: null-ptr-deref in range [0x0000000000000030-0x0000000000000037]
CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 6003 Comm: syz.0.17 Not tainted syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full) 
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 02/12/2026
RIP: 0010:nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map+0x141/0x1c0 fs/nilfs2/mdt.c:559
Code: 3f 4c 8d 63 d8 4c 89 e0 48 c1 e8 03 42 80 3c 28 00 74 08 4c 89 e7 e8 2e 0b 83 fe 4d 8b 24 24 49 83 c4 30 4c 89 e0 48 c1 e8 03 <42> 80 3c 28 00 74 08 4c 89 e7 e8 10 0b 83 fe 49 8b 34 24 4c 89 ff
RSP: 0018:ffffc90002767708 EFLAGS: 00010206
RAX: 0000000000000006 RBX: ffff8880605d4560 RCX: 0000000000000000
RDX: ffff88802cde8000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: ffff88802cde8000 R09: 0000000000000003
R10: 0000000000000406 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000030
R13: dffffc0000000000 R14: ffff8880764a6538 R15: ffff8880605d3b18
FS:  000055556403c500(0000) GS:ffff888125436000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 0000001b30263fff CR3: 0000000074cae000 CR4: 00000000003526f0
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 nilfs_clean_segments+0x162/0xa50 fs/nilfs2/segment.c:2521
 nilfs_ioctl_clean_segments fs/nilfs2/ioctl.c:916 [inline]
 nilfs_ioctl+0x261f/0x2780 fs/nilfs2/ioctl.c:1346
 vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline]
 __do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:597 [inline]
 __se_sys_ioctl+0xfc/0x170 fs/ioctl.c:583
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x14d/0xf80 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
RIP: 0033:0x7fd2a5f9c799
Code: ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 e8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48
RSP: 002b:00007ffd6d77cd18 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000010
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007fd2a6215fa0 RCX: 00007fd2a5f9c799
RDX: 0000200000000640 RSI: 0000000040786e88 RDI: 0000000000000004
RBP: 00007fd2a6032c99 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: 00007fd2a6215fac R14: 00007fd2a6215fa0 R15: 00007fd2a6215fa0
 </TASK>
Modules linked in:
---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
RIP: 0010:nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map+0x141/0x1c0 fs/nilfs2/mdt.c:559
Code: 3f 4c 8d 63 d8 4c 89 e0 48 c1 e8 03 42 80 3c 28 00 74 08 4c 89 e7 e8 2e 0b 83 fe 4d 8b 24 24 49 83 c4 30 4c 89 e0 48 c1 e8 03 <42> 80 3c 28 00 74 08 4c 89 e7 e8 10 0b 83 fe 49 8b 34 24 4c 89 ff
RSP: 0018:ffffc90002767708 EFLAGS: 00010206
RAX: 0000000000000006 RBX: ffff8880605d4560 RCX: 0000000000000000
RDX: ffff88802cde8000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: ffff88802cde8000 R09: 0000000000000003
R10: 0000000000000406 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000030
R13: dffffc0000000000 R14: ffff8880764a6538 R15: ffff8880605d3b18
FS:  000055556403c500(0000) GS:ffff888125536000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 00007f1536619000 CR3: 0000000074cae000 CR4: 00000000003526f0
----------------
Code disassembly (best guess), 1 bytes skipped:
   0:	4c 8d 63 d8          	lea    -0x28(%rbx),%r12
   4:	4c 89 e0             	mov    %r12,%rax
   7:	48 c1 e8 03          	shr    $0x3,%rax
   b:	42 80 3c 28 00       	cmpb   $0x0,(%rax,%r13,1)
  10:	74 08                	je     0x1a
  12:	4c 89 e7             	mov    %r12,%rdi
  15:	e8 2e 0b 83 fe       	call   0xfe830b48
  1a:	4d 8b 24 24          	mov    (%r12),%r12
  1e:	49 83 c4 30          	add    $0x30,%r12
  22:	4c 89 e0             	mov    %r12,%rax
  25:	48 c1 e8 03          	shr    $0x3,%rax
* 29:	42 80 3c 28 00       	cmpb   $0x0,(%rax,%r13,1) <-- trapping instruction
  2e:	74 08                	je     0x38
  30:	4c 89 e7             	mov    %r12,%rdi
  33:	e8 10 0b 83 fe       	call   0xfe830b48
  38:	49 8b 34 24          	mov    (%r12),%rsi
  3c:	4c 89 ff             	mov    %r15,%rdi

Crashes (87):
Time Kernel Commit Syzkaller Config Log Report Syz repro C repro VM info Assets (help?) Manager Title
2026/03/14 19:24 linux-next b84a0ebe421c ee8d34d6 .config console log report syz / log C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] [mounted in repro] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/13 13:09 upstream 028ef9c96e96 9530ccf9 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/12 06:39 upstream e753c16cb3dd 38c8e246 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/05 18:19 upstream 3aae9383f42f 4440e7c2 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/04 21:43 upstream 7ca6d1cfec80 4440e7c2 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/03 16:24 upstream d8a9a4b11a13 4440e7c2 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/30 07:18 upstream f242ac4a0944 356bdfc9 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/30 05:35 upstream f242ac4a0944 356bdfc9 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/29 01:50 upstream be762d8b6dd7 356bdfc9 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/28 12:14 upstream 7df48e363130 356bdfc9 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/28 09:58 upstream 7df48e363130 356bdfc9 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/14 07:11 upstream 26ff969926a0 1a086e7c .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/13 17:17 upstream 028ef9c96e96 9530ccf9 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/13 06:26 upstream 028ef9c96e96 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/12 08:56 upstream e753c16cb3dd 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/11 18:34 upstream e774d5f1bc27 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/11 12:30 upstream e774d5f1bc27 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/11 02:49 upstream 7c6c4ed80b87 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/10 17:52 upstream 9a9c8ce300cd 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/10 15:22 upstream 9a9c8ce300cd 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/10 10:30 upstream 9a9c8ce300cd 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/09 22:12 upstream a55f7f5f29b3 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/09 15:14 upstream 7f87a5ea75f0 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/09 12:13 upstream 7f87a5ea75f0 38c8e246 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/08 09:37 upstream 3036cd0d3328 2c961e87 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/07 14:57 upstream bfe62a454542 628666c6 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/07 06:53 upstream bfe62a454542 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/07 04:39 upstream bfe62a454542 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/05 13:42 upstream 3aae9383f42f 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/05 04:41 upstream 3aae9383f42f 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/04 20:16 upstream 3aae9383f42f 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/04 14:29 upstream 631919fb12fe 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/04 11:16 upstream 631919fb12fe 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/03 08:58 upstream 5619b098e2fb 4440e7c2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/02 15:14 upstream 9147566d8016 8b15d4ae .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/02 06:52 upstream 9147566d8016 0cb124d5 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/02 04:28 upstream 9147566d8016 0cb124d5 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/01 22:07 upstream 9147566d8016 0285fe54 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/01 19:00 upstream 9147566d8016 0285fe54 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/30 18:46 upstream 7aaa8047eafd aa4af680 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/29 03:50 upstream cbfffcca2bf0 b5ceaad2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/28 20:11 upstream be762d8b6dd7 b5ceaad2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/28 16:46 upstream be762d8b6dd7 b5ceaad2 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/27 21:09 upstream 46b513250491 f9ef2ec1 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/27 15:41 upstream 46b513250491 f9ef2ec1 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/27 11:43 upstream 46b513250491 50cdcaa1 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/26 21:26 upstream 0138af2472df 4b3d9a38 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/26 21:11 upstream 0138af2472df 4b3d9a38 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/26 06:42 upstream d2a43e7f89da c6143aac .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/25 23:16 upstream bbeb83d3182a 4367a094 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/17 03:41 upstream 2d1373e4246d 0737c18f .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/16 16:06 upstream f338e7738378 64e21424 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/16 06:09 upstream 4f3df2e5ea69 ee8d34d6 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/16 05:18 upstream 4f3df2e5ea69 ee8d34d6 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/15 04:12 upstream 69237f8c1f69 ee8d34d6 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/15 02:56 upstream 69237f8c1f69 ee8d34d6 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/14 16:14 upstream 1c9982b49613 ee8d34d6 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/14 15:59 upstream 1c9982b49613 ee8d34d6 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/13 03:09 upstream 8004279c41ad 2f7f359d .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/13 03:09 upstream 8004279c41ad 2f7f359d .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/04/04 09:57 linux-next cc13002a9f98 4440e7c2 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
2026/03/14 18:56 linux-next b84a0ebe421c ee8d34d6 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-linux-next-kasan-gce-root general protection fault in nilfs_mdt_save_to_shadow_map
* Struck through repros no longer work on HEAD.