KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store

Status: upstream: reported C repro on 2026/07/29 05:27
Subsystems: usb
Labels: prio:normal
[Documentation on labels]
Reported-by: syzbot+a4f65284f1451010b0a8@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
First crash: 99d, last: 65d
Cause bisection: failed (error log, bisect log)
  
Fix bisection: fixed by (bisect log) :
commit 844d83d5964b87919b958ff48405188c6ddae9cc
Author: Qing Ming <a0yami@mailbox.org>
Date: Tue May 19 14:33:19 2026 +0000

  usb: gadget: uac: validate rate list length before storing

  
▶ ▼ ✨ AI Patch Versions (1)
Version Stage Reported Report Link Job
1 moderation 2026/07/29 09:09 Discussion 9ef2273f-9be1-4b2e-9b62-48ad434a2ff9
▶ ▼ ✨ AI Jobs (2)
ID Workflow Result Correct Bug Created Started Finished Revision
9ef2273f patching ❓ KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store 2026/07/29 07:31 2026/07/29 07:31 2026/07/29 09:09 19622d9d
cb369ed2 assessment-security DenialOfService: ✅ Exploitable: ✅ FilesystemTrigger: ❌ NetworkTrigger: ❌ PeripheralTrigger: ❌ RemoteTrigger: ❌ Unprivileged: ❌ UserNamespace: ❌ VMGuestTrigger: ❌ VMHostTrigger: ❌ ❓ KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store 2026/07/27 01:50 2026/07/27 01:50 2026/07/27 02:23 492bab15
▶ ▼ Discussions (4)
Title Replies (including bot) Last reply
[syzbot] [usb?] KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store 0 (3) 2026/10/09 17:28
[PATCH 0/2] usb: gadget: f_uac1/f_uac2: fix invalid-free in srate configfs store 2 (2) 2026/08/04 17:43
[PATCH 1/2] usb: gadget: f_uac2: fix invalid-free in srate configfs store 1 (1) 2026/08/04 17:43
[PATCH] usb: gadget: f_uac2: fix invalid free in UAC2_RATE_ATTRIBUTE store 1 (1) 2026/07/29 10:40
▶ ▼ Similar bugs (2)
Kernel Title Rank 🛈 Repro Cause bisect Fix bisect Count Last Reported Patched Status
android-6-12 KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store origin:lts 24 syz, C 9 21d 93d 0/1 premoderation: reported C repro on 2026/07/31 06:11
android-6-1 KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store 24 syz, C 10 9d08h 81d 0/2 upstream: reported C repro on 2026/08/12 11:26
▶ ▼ Last patch testing requests (8)
Created Duration User Patch Repo Result
2026/09/20 12:42 0m retest repro upstream error job log
2026/09/20 12:42 0m retest repro upstream error job log
2026/09/12 07:52 14m retest repro upstream error job log
2026/09/12 07:52 12m retest repro upstream error job log
2026/09/12 03:20 20m retest repro upstream job log log
2026/09/12 03:20 23m retest repro upstream no crash job log log
2026/09/12 03:20 19m retest repro upstream no crash job log log
2026/07/29 09:25 25m kartikey406@gmail.com patch upstream OK log

Sample crash report:
==================================================================
BUG: KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store+0x1d4/0x260 drivers/usb/gadget/function/f_uac2.c:2091
Free of addr ffff88802ac29206 by task syz.0.17/5925

CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 5925 Comm: syz.0.17 Not tainted syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full) 
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline]
 dump_stack_lvl+0x100/0x190 lib/dump_stack.c:120
 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:378 [inline]
 print_report+0x13d/0x4b0 mm/kasan/report.c:482
 kasan_report_invalid_free+0xb8/0x190 mm/kasan/report.c:557
 check_slab_allocation+0xe1/0xf0 mm/kasan/common.c:230
 kasan_slab_pre_free include/linux/kasan.h:199 [inline]
 slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:2622 [inline]
 slab_free mm/slub.c:6377 [inline]
 kfree+0x1b6/0x6c0 mm/slub.c:6692
 f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store+0x1d4/0x260 drivers/usb/gadget/function/f_uac2.c:2091
 flush_write_buffer fs/configfs/file.c:207 [inline]
 configfs_write_iter+0x302/0x4e0 fs/configfs/file.c:229
 new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:595 [inline]
 vfs_write+0x6ac/0x1050 fs/read_write.c:687
 ksys_write+0x12a/0x250 fs/read_write.c:739
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x115/0x870 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
RIP: 0033:0x7f98e779e0d9
Code: ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 e8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48
RSP: 002b:00007ffc906b7758 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f98e7a25fa0 RCX: 00007f98e779e0d9
RDX: 000000000000006e RSI: 0000200000000280 RDI: 0000000000000003
RBP: 00007f98e7835024 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: 00007f98e7a25fac R14: 00007f98e7a25fa0 R15: 00007f98e7a25fa0
 </TASK>

Allocated by task 5925:
 kasan_save_stack+0x30/0x50 mm/kasan/common.c:57
 kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30 mm/kasan/common.c:78
 poison_kmalloc_redzone mm/kasan/common.c:398 [inline]
 __kasan_kmalloc+0xaa/0xb0 mm/kasan/common.c:415
 kasan_kmalloc include/linux/kasan.h:263 [inline]
 __do_kmalloc_node mm/slub.c:5334 [inline]
 __kmalloc_node_track_caller_noprof+0x331/0x830 mm/slub.c:5471
 __kmemdup_nul mm/util.c:64 [inline]
 kstrdup+0x51/0xe0 mm/util.c:84
 f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store+0x113/0x260 drivers/usb/gadget/function/f_uac2.c:2091
 flush_write_buffer fs/configfs/file.c:207 [inline]
 configfs_write_iter+0x302/0x4e0 fs/configfs/file.c:229
 new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:595 [inline]
 vfs_write+0x6ac/0x1050 fs/read_write.c:687
 ksys_write+0x12a/0x250 fs/read_write.c:739
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x115/0x870 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff88802ac29200
 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-128 of size 128
The buggy address is located 6 bytes inside of
 111-byte region [ffff88802ac29200, ffff88802ac2926f)

The buggy address belongs to the physical page:
page: refcount:0 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x2ac29
flags: 0xfff00000000000(node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x7ff)
page_type: f5(slab)
raw: 00fff00000000000 ffff88801bc42a00 dead000000000100 dead000000000122
raw: 0000000000000000 0000000800100010 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
page_owner tracks the page as allocated
page last allocated via order 0, migratetype Unmovable, gfp_mask 0xd2cc0(GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_NOMEMALLOC), pid 1157, tgid 1157 (kworker/u33:8), ts 13683082787, free_ts 0
 set_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:32 [inline]
 post_alloc_hook+0xfd/0x120 mm/page_alloc.c:1859
 prep_new_page mm/page_alloc.c:1867 [inline]
 get_page_from_freelist+0xf48/0x3530 mm/page_alloc.c:3946
 __alloc_frozen_pages_noprof+0x299/0x2dc0 mm/page_alloc.c:5304
 alloc_slab_page mm/slub.c:3266 [inline]
 allocate_slab mm/slub.c:3380 [inline]
 new_slab+0xa2/0x640 mm/slub.c:3426
 refill_objects+0xe3/0x410 mm/slub.c:7310
 refill_sheaf mm/slub.c:2804 [inline]
 __pcs_replace_empty_main+0x376/0x680 mm/slub.c:4675
 alloc_from_pcs mm/slub.c:4773 [inline]
 slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:4905 [inline]
 __do_kmalloc_node mm/slub.c:5333 [inline]
 __kmalloc_noprof+0x66d/0x820 mm/slub.c:5359
 _kmalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:992 [inline]
 _kzalloc_noprof include/linux/slab.h:1309 [inline]
 lsm_blob_alloc+0x68/0x90 security/security.c:218
 lsm_task_alloc security/security.c:270 [inline]
 security_task_alloc+0x2a/0x260 security/security.c:2785
 copy_process+0x2b94/0x8030 kernel/fork.c:2271
 kernel_clone+0x176/0x9d0 kernel/fork.c:2748
 user_mode_thread+0xcc/0x110 kernel/fork.c:2824
 call_usermodehelper_exec_work kernel/umh.c:171 [inline]
 call_usermodehelper_exec_work+0xcb/0x180 kernel/umh.c:157
 process_one_work+0xa23/0x1940 kernel/workqueue.c:3322
 process_scheduled_works kernel/workqueue.c:3405 [inline]
 worker_thread+0x5ef/0xe50 kernel/workqueue.c:3486
 kthread+0x370/0x450 kernel/kthread.c:436
page_owner free stack trace missing

Memory state around the buggy address:
 ffff88802ac29100: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
 ffff88802ac29180: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
>ffff88802ac29200: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 fc fc
                   ^
 ffff88802ac29280: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
 ffff88802ac29300: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
==================================================================

Crashes (117):
Time Kernel Commit Syzkaller Config Log Report Syz repro C repro VM info Assets (help?) Manager Title
2026/08/10 14:46 upstream db2ddb871435 558388e4 .config console log report syz / log C [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/12 15:43 upstream f5bbbfec59b4 ee03bfea .config console log report syz / log C [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream-386 KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/12 14:07 upstream f5bbbfec59b4 ee03bfea .config console log report syz / log C [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream-386 KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/22 01:52 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config strace log report syz / log [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-upstream-fs KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/11 21:31 upstream f5bbbfec59b4 71790083 .config strace log report syz / log C [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci2-upstream-fs KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/07/31 10:18 upstream 3708dd948844 aaffb173 .config console log report info [disk image] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-upstream-kasan-gce-selinux-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/28 14:01 upstream 818bebeb63dd 41d151d4 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/28 08:49 upstream 818bebeb63dd e2fa417d .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/27 07:30 upstream 818bebeb63dd a2b77b9e .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/27 05:57 upstream 818bebeb63dd a2b77b9e .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/26 23:56 upstream 818bebeb63dd a2b77b9e .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/26 19:17 upstream 818bebeb63dd a2b77b9e .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/26 14:26 upstream 818bebeb63dd a2b77b9e .config console log report syz / log C [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/26 05:36 upstream 818bebeb63dd 6a91adb4 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/26 02:23 upstream 818bebeb63dd 6a91adb4 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/25 18:06 upstream 818bebeb63dd a9a1fc32 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/25 16:26 upstream 818bebeb63dd a9a1fc32 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/25 07:41 upstream 818bebeb63dd 614e416a .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/25 04:30 upstream 818bebeb63dd 614e416a .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/24 20:48 upstream 818bebeb63dd b55bd4c3 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/23 21:50 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/23 19:22 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/23 10:20 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/23 06:21 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/23 00:35 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/22 16:39 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/22 13:50 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/22 10:51 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/22 06:19 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/21 15:03 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/21 11:24 upstream 818bebeb63dd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/20 15:00 upstream a4ff2be345d0 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/20 11:32 upstream a4ff2be345d0 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/20 01:05 upstream bd5f485f3f02 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/18 23:07 upstream 0f23d56f17fd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/18 22:01 upstream 0f23d56f17fd 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/18 05:49 upstream ff68e5f557f6 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/17 05:09 upstream dcb68831eac7 746171ee .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/16 22:47 upstream dcb68831eac7 746171ee .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/16 08:33 upstream 3eb40771c00a 746171ee .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/16 04:52 upstream 3eb40771c00a 746171ee .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/15 15:31 upstream 15ef2f78c49d 746171ee .config console log report info [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/15 08:12 upstream a5161661ae99 746171ee .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/14 19:02 upstream 2f1baf1fc892 2cf1fbb7 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/14 04:43 upstream 3aa1dcaa4f6f b13552fe .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/11 12:47 upstream d58772d8520c 557a89d3 .config console log report info [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/11 07:08 upstream d58772d8520c 508909ea .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/10 19:11 upstream db2ddb871435 558388e4 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/10 16:16 upstream db2ddb871435 558388e4 .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/10 08:39 upstream db2ddb871435 5d63f80b .config console log report info [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/10 05:09 upstream b643e495ae92 5d63f80b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/09 12:52 upstream 06cf61899d64 5d63f80b .config console log report info [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/09 09:57 upstream 06cf61899d64 5d63f80b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/07/26 05:46 upstream 3dab139d4795 4a865b71 .config console log report syz / log C [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: invalid-free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
2026/08/20 02:32 upstream bd5f485f3f02 1e72964b .config console log report [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-snapshot-upstream-root KFENCE: invalid free in f_uac2_opts_c_srate_store
* Struck through repros no longer work on HEAD.