KASAN: slab-use-after-free Read in xfrm_input

Status: moderation: reported on 2026/11/05 11:10
Subsystems: net
Labels: prio:high
[Documentation on labels]
Reported-by: syzbot+0008ea314a1096dee2b6@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
First crash: 10h52m, last: 10h52m
✨ AI-generated root cause summary:

In the IPsec IP-TFS implementation (xfrm_iptfs), incoming packets that require reordering or reassembly are stored in xtfs->w_saved and xtfs->ra_newskb, and iptfs_input() returns -EINPROGRESS to xfrm_input() to defer processing. Unlike standard asynchronous XFRM handling, no reference is taken on the network device (skb->dev), nor are the queues purged when the device is unregistered. If the underlying net_device is deleted (e.g., via rtnl_dellink), it is freed while references to it remain in the queued skb->dev pointers. When xtfs->drop_timer subsequently expires and processes the deferred packets via iptfs_input_ordered() -> __input_process_payload(), it passes inner packets to xfrm_input(skb, 0, 0, -2), where line 469 unconditionally dereferences dev_net(skb->dev), triggering a slab-use-after-free read.

▶ ▼ ✨ Full AI root cause analysis
Based on kernel commit 05441d697f7f:

Root Cause Analysis

1. Vulnerability Overview

The bug is a slab use-after-free read triggered when dereferencing skb->dev->nd_net via dev_net(skb->dev) at net/xfrm/xfrm_input.c:469. The access occurs during IP-TFS (IP Traffic Flow Security, RFC 9347) packet reception initiated from timer/softirq context (iptfs_drop_timer).

2. Detailed Technical Mechanism

  1. Deferring Packets in IP-TFS Without Device Refcounting:

    • In net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c, when an outer IP-TFS packet is received via iptfs_input(x, skb), out-of-order packets or packets undergoing fragmented reassembly are held across softirq/RCU boundaries:
      • Out-of-order packets are queued in xtfs->w_saved[index].skb via iptfs_input_reorder().
      • Incomplete fragmented payloads are queued in xtfs->ra_newskb.
    • iptfs_input() then returns -EINPROGRESS to xfrm_input() (net/xfrm/xfrm_input.c:706).
    • In xfrm_input(), asynchronous handling for crypto (x->type->input) takes a reference to the incoming netdevice with dev_hold(dev) and drops it on async resumption (encap_type == -1). However, for iptfs_input() returning -EINPROGRESS, no dev_hold(skb->dev) is taken, nor does IP-TFS track device references or register a netdevice notifier to purge its reorder and reassembly queues upon device unregistration.
  2. Ingress net_device Destruction:

    • When the receiving network device is unregistered (e.g., via rtnl_dellink as shown in the KASAN report's page-free trace), its refcount reaches zero because no reference was held by the queued IP-TFS sk_buffs.
    • The device is cleaned up and freed (netdev_run_todo $\to$ kobject_put $\to$ device_release $\to$ __free_frozen_pages).
    • The physical page is released back to the page allocator and can subsequently be reallocated (in this report, recycled into the skbuff_small_head SLUB cache).
    • As a consequence, skb->dev in xtfs->w_saved (or xtfs->ra_newskb) becomes a dangling pointer to freed memory.
  3. Drop Timer Expiry and Dangling Pointer Propagation:

    • When the IP-TFS drop timer expires, iptfs_drop_timer() runs in softirq context (net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c:1675).
    • It collects packets from xtfs->w_saved via __reorder_drop(xtfs, &list) and processes them using iptfs_input_ordered(x, skb).
    • In iptfs_input_ordered(), __input_process_payload(x, data, &skbseq, &sublist) either reuses the queued skb or allocates new inner skbs via iptfs_alloc_skb():
      if (!l3resv) {
          /* xfrm_input resume needs dev and xfrm ext from tunnel pkt */
          skb->dev = tpl->dev;
          __skb_ext_copy(skb, tpl);
      }
      
      This copies the stale tpl->dev pointer into all inner reconstructed skbs.
    • __input_process_payload() then dispatches the inner packets by calling:
      list_for_each_entry_safe(skb, next, sublist, list) {
          skb_list_del_init(skb);
          if (xfrm_input(skb, 0, 0, -2))
              kfree_skb(skb);
      }
      
  4. Crash in xfrm_input():

    • At the beginning of xfrm_input(skb, 0, 0, -2) (net/xfrm/xfrm_input.c:469):
      int xfrm_input(struct sk_buff *skb, int nexthdr, __be32 spi, int encap_type)
      {
          const struct xfrm_state_afinfo *afinfo;
          struct net *net = dev_net(skb->dev);
          struct net_device *dev = skb->dev;
      
    • Before encap_type == -2 is even inspected to branch to resume_decapped, dev_net(skb->dev) is invoked.
    • dev_net() reads skb->dev->nd_net at offset 264 (0x108) from skb->dev. Because skb->dev points to the freed net_device, this read triggers a slab use-after-free access.

3. Functions, Structs, and Files Involved

  • net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c:
    • iptfs_input(), iptfs_input_reorder(), __reorder_future_fits(): stores skb without taking a netdevice reference (dev_hold()) or invalidating skb->dev on device teardown.
    • iptfs_alloc_skb(): propagates skb->dev = tpl->dev to newly extracted packets.
    • iptfs_drop_timer(), iptfs_input_ordered(), __input_process_payload(): dequeues and resubmits the skbs to xfrm_input().
  • net/xfrm/xfrm_input.c:
    • xfrm_input(): prematurely dereferences dev_net(skb->dev) at line 469 before checking encap_type == -2.
  • struct net_device (include/linux/netdevice.h):
    • Field nd_net at byte offset 264 (0x108), read via read_pnet(&dev->nd_net).
▶ ▼ ✨ AI Jobs (1)
ID Workflow Result Correct Bug Created Started Finished Revision
a34695b8 assessment-security DenialOfService: ✅ Exploitable: ✅ FilesystemTrigger: ❌ FuzzingArtifact: ❌ MemoryCorruption: ✅ NetworkNeedsSetup: ❌ NetworkTrigger: ❌ PeripheralTrigger: ❌ RemoteTrigger: ❌ Unprivileged: ❌ UserNamespace: ✅ VMGuestTrigger: ❌ VMHostTrigger: ❌ ❓ KASAN: slab-use-after-free Read in xfrm_input 2026/11/05 01:46 2026/11/05 01:46 2026/11/05 02:42 73438ed0

Sample crash report:
==================================================================
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in read_pnet include/net/net_namespace.h:427 [inline]
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in dev_net include/linux/netdevice.h:2822 [inline]
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in xfrm_input+0x5ae2/0x7750 net/xfrm/xfrm_input.c:469
Read of size 8 at addr ffff888055b24108 by task syz.0.472/7171

CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 7171 Comm: syz.0.472 Not tainted syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full) 
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014
Call Trace:
 <IRQ>
 __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline]
 dump_stack_lvl+0x100/0x190 lib/dump_stack.c:120
 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:378 [inline]
 print_report+0x13d/0x4b0 mm/kasan/report.c:482
 kasan_report+0xdf/0x1c0 mm/kasan/report.c:595
 read_pnet include/net/net_namespace.h:427 [inline]
 dev_net include/linux/netdevice.h:2822 [inline]
 xfrm_input+0x5ae2/0x7750 net/xfrm/xfrm_input.c:469
 __input_process_payload.isra.0+0x147b/0x2290 net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c:1198
 iptfs_input_ordered+0x692/0x870 net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c:1295
 iptfs_drop_timer+0x4c7/0x710 net/xfrm/xfrm_iptfs.c:1707
 __run_hrtimer kernel/time/hrtimer.c:2079 [inline]
 __hrtimer_run_queues+0x448/0x9a0 kernel/time/hrtimer.c:2136
 hrtimer_run_softirq+0x1ca/0x360 kernel/time/hrtimer.c:2153
 handle_softirqs+0x216/0xa20 kernel/softirq.c:669
 __do_softirq kernel/softirq.c:703 [inline]
 invoke_softirq kernel/softirq.c:542 [inline]
 __irq_exit_rcu+0x178/0x220 kernel/softirq.c:786
 irq_exit_rcu+0x9/0x30 kernel/softirq.c:809
 instr_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1062 [inline]
 sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0xa3/0xc0 arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1062
 </IRQ>
 <TASK>
 asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x1a/0x20 arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h:674
RIP: 0010:its_return_thunk+0x0/0x10 arch/x86/lib/retpoline.S:437
Code: cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc <c3> cc 66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 00 e9 bb e1 85 f5 cc
RSP: 0018:ffffc900052a6e88 EFLAGS: 00000246
RAX: 0000000000080000 RBX: ffff888061f6d2a8 RCX: ffffc90006561000
RDX: 0000000000080000 RSI: ffffffff81f9226a RDI: 0000000000000001
RBP: 0000000000000001 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000001
R10: ffffffff926a9d5f R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: ffffffff8d8225c0 R14: ffffffff9d10a300 R15: ffffffff8b228bd0
 trace_timer_init include/trace/events/timer.h:33 [inline]
 debug_init kernel/time/timer.c:838 [inline]
 timer_init_key+0x26a/0x310 kernel/time/timer.c:881
 sctp_transport_init net/sctp/transport.c:78 [inline]
 sctp_transport_new+0x54b/0x760 net/sctp/transport.c:99
 sctp_assoc_add_peer+0x34b/0x1550 net/sctp/associola.c:627
 sctp_process_param net/sctp/sm_make_chunk.c:2574 [inline]
 sctp_process_init+0x2738/0x2e50 net/sctp/sm_make_chunk.c:2400
 sctp_cmd_process_init net/sctp/sm_sideeffect.c:719 [inline]
 sctp_cmd_interpreter net/sctp/sm_sideeffect.c:1406 [inline]
 sctp_side_effects net/sctp/sm_sideeffect.c:1211 [inline]
 sctp_do_sm+0x3ca8/0x5c30 net/sctp/sm_sideeffect.c:1182
 sctp_assoc_bh_rcv+0x392/0x740 net/sctp/associola.c:1048
 sctp_inq_push+0x25c/0x320 net/sctp/inqueue.c:91
 sctp_backlog_rcv+0x169/0x590 net/sctp/input.c:331
 sk_backlog_rcv include/net/sock.h:1194 [inline]
 __release_sock+0x39d/0x440 net/core/sock.c:3341
 release_sock+0x1e5/0x280 net/core/sock.c:3940
 sctp_wait_for_connect+0x1ff/0x750 net/sctp/socket.c:9468
 sctp_sendmsg_to_asoc+0x17fd/0x1b60 net/sctp/socket.c:1931
 sctp_sendmsg+0x1144/0x22e0 net/sctp/socket.c:2086
 inet_sendmsg+0x11c/0x140 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:864
 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:800 [inline]
 __sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:818 [inline]
 ____sys_sendmsg+0xa23/0xc30 net/socket.c:2715
 ___sys_sendmsg+0x190/0x1e0 net/socket.c:2769
 __sys_sendmmsg+0x20c/0x440 net/socket.c:2858
 __do_sys_sendmmsg net/socket.c:2885 [inline]
 __se_sys_sendmmsg net/socket.c:2882 [inline]
 __x64_sys_sendmmsg+0x9c/0x100 net/socket.c:2882
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:61 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x123/0x790 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:84
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
RIP: 0033:0x7effc5f9fb19
Code: ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 e8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48
RSP: 002b:00007effc6d8f028 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000133
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007effc6225fa0 RCX: 00007effc5f9fb19
RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 0000200000000300 RDI: 0000000000000004
RBP: 00007effc6037b70 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000020000014 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: 00007effc6226038 R14: 00007effc6225fa0 R15: 00007fffbea305e8
 </TASK>

Allocated by task 5769:
 kasan_save_stack+0x30/0x50 mm/kasan/common.c:57
 kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30 mm/kasan/common.c:78
 unpoison_slab_object mm/kasan/common.c:351 [inline]
 __kasan_slab_alloc+0x89/0x90 mm/kasan/common.c:377
 kasan_slab_alloc include/linux/kasan.h:253 [inline]
 slab_post_alloc_hook mm/slub.c:4720 [inline]
 slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:5033 [inline]
 kmem_cache_alloc_node_noprof+0x282/0x6e0 mm/slub.c:5105
 kmalloc_reserve+0x148/0x350 net/core/skbuff.c:616
 __alloc_skb+0x185/0x710 net/core/skbuff.c:716
 __pskb_copy_fclone+0xfa/0xf40 net/core/skbuff.c:2229
 __pskb_copy include/linux/skbuff.h:1454 [inline]
 pskb_copy include/linux/skbuff.h:3863 [inline]
 nf_dup_ipv4+0x1a2/0x8b0 net/ipv4/netfilter/nf_dup_ipv4.c:64
 tee_tg4+0x10c/0x170 net/netfilter/xt_TEE.c:42
 ipt_do_table+0xc41/0x1b10 net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_tables.c:345
 nf_hook_entry_hookfn include/linux/netfilter.h:165 [inline]
 nf_hook_slow+0xbf/0x220 net/netfilter/core.c:633
 nf_hook include/linux/netfilter.h:280 [inline]
 __ip_local_out+0x541/0xb80 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:120
 ip_local_out+0x2a/0x1f0 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:129
 __ip_queue_xmit+0x876/0x1f50 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:533
 __tcp_transmit_skb+0x34d9/0x4f00 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:1772
 __tcp_send_ack.part.0+0x4e4/0x940 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:4577
 __tcp_send_ack net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:4583 [inline]
 tcp_send_ack+0x84/0xa0 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:4583
 __tcp_ack_snd_check+0x210/0xa10 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6194
 tcp_ack_snd_check net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6248 [inline]
 tcp_ack_snd_check net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6242 [inline]
 tcp_rcv_established+0xcf1/0x3900 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6744
 tcp_v4_do_rcv+0xbc8/0x1270 net/ipv4/tcp_ipv4.c:1859
 tcp_v4_rcv+0x2eb0/0x4810 net/ipv4/tcp_ipv4.c:2253
 ip_protocol_deliver_rcu+0xba/0x4d0 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:207
 ip_local_deliver_finish+0x3fb/0x6e0 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:241
 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:325 [inline]
 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:319 [inline]
 ip_local_deliver+0x1a3/0x200 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:262
 dst_input include/net/dst.h:481 [inline]
 ip_rcv_finish net/ipv4/ip_input.c:492 [inline]
 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:325 [inline]
 NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:319 [inline]
 ip_rcv+0x33a/0x3c0 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:612
 __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0x197/0x1e0 net/core/dev.c:6433
 __netif_receive_skb+0x1f/0x120 net/core/dev.c:6546
 process_backlog+0x487/0x1600 net/core/dev.c:6897
 __napi_poll.constprop.0+0xaf/0x450 net/core/dev.c:7966
 napi_poll net/core/dev.c:8029 [inline]
 net_rx_action+0xa40/0xf20 net/core/dev.c:8186
 handle_softirqs+0x216/0xa20 kernel/softirq.c:669
 do_softirq kernel/softirq.c:569 [inline]
 do_softirq+0xaf/0xf0 kernel/softirq.c:556
 __local_bh_enable_ip+0xff/0x120 kernel/softirq.c:473
 local_bh_enable include/linux/bottom_half.h:33 [inline]
 rcu_read_unlock_bh include/linux/rcupdate.h:923 [inline]
 __dev_queue_xmit+0xa43/0x48d0 net/core/dev.c:5121
 dev_queue_xmit include/linux/netdevice.h:3483 [inline]
 neigh_hh_output include/net/neighbour.h:538 [inline]
 neigh_output include/net/neighbour.h:552 [inline]
 ip_finish_output2+0xfa4/0x2740 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:236
 __ip_finish_output.part.0+0x43b/0x6f0 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:314
 __ip_finish_output net/ipv4/ip_output.c:302 [inline]
 ip_finish_output net/ipv4/ip_output.c:324 [inline]
 NF_HOOK_COND include/linux/netfilter.h:314 [inline]
 ip_output+0x392/0xc00 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:437
 dst_output include/net/dst.h:471 [inline]
 ip_local_out+0x193/0x1f0 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:131
 __ip_queue_xmit+0x876/0x1f50 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:533
 __tcp_transmit_skb+0x34d9/0x4f00 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:1772
 tcp_transmit_skb net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:1790 [inline]
 tcp_write_xmit+0x1133/0x84a0 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:3126
 tcp_sendmsg_locked+0x396a/0x46b0 net/ipv4/tcp.c:1405
 tcp_sendmsg+0x2e/0x50 net/ipv4/tcp.c:1462
 inet_sendmsg+0xb9/0x140 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:864
 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:800 [inline]
 __sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:818 [inline]
 sock_write_iter+0x4fd/0x5d0 net/socket.c:1269
 new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:595 [inline]
 vfs_write+0x6af/0x1050 fs/read_write.c:687
 ksys_write+0x1f8/0x250 fs/read_write.c:739
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:61 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x123/0x790 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:84
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

Freed by task 5769:
 kasan_save_stack+0x30/0x50 mm/kasan/common.c:57
 kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30 mm/kasan/common.c:78
 kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/0x70 mm/kasan/generic.c:584
 poison_slab_object mm/kasan/common.c:264 [inline]
 __kasan_slab_free+0x5f/0x80 mm/kasan/common.c:296
 kasan_slab_free include/linux/kasan.h:235 [inline]
 slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:2780 [inline]
 slab_free mm/slub.c:6630 [inline]
 kfree+0x22b/0x6d0 mm/slub.c:6923
 skb_kfree_head net/core/skbuff.c:1084 [inline]
 skb_free_head+0xb9/0x160 net/core/skbuff.c:1096
 skb_release_data+0x698/0x860 net/core/skbuff.c:1124
 skb_release_all net/core/skbuff.c:1188 [inline]
 __kfree_skb+0x4f/0x70 net/core/skbuff.c:1202
 tcp_data_queue+0x1964/0x4fa0 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:5655
 tcp_rcv_established+0xb96/0x3900 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6741
 tcp_v4_do_rcv+0xbc8/0x1270 net/ipv4/tcp_ipv4.c:1859
 sk_backlog_rcv include/net/sock.h:1194 [inline]
 __release_sock+0x355/0x440 net/core/sock.c:3341
 release_sock+0x1e5/0x280 net/core/sock.c:3940
 tcp_sendmsg+0x38/0x50 net/ipv4/tcp.c:1463
 inet_sendmsg+0xb9/0x140 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:864
 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:800 [inline]
 __sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:818 [inline]
 sock_write_iter+0x4fd/0x5d0 net/socket.c:1269
 new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:595 [inline]
 vfs_write+0x6af/0x1050 fs/read_write.c:687
 ksys_write+0x1f8/0x250 fs/read_write.c:739
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:61 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x123/0x790 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:84
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff888055b24000
 which belongs to the cache skbuff_small_head of size 704
The buggy address is located 264 bytes inside of
 freed 704-byte region [ffff888055b24000, ffff888055b242c0)

The buggy address belongs to the physical page:
page: refcount:0 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x55b24
head: order:2 mapcount:0 entire_mapcount:0 nr_pages_mapped:0 pincount:0
flags: 0xfff00000000040(head|node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x7ff)
page_type: f5(slab)
raw: 00fff00000000040 ffff888100a82280 dead000000000100 dead000000000122
raw: 0000000000000000 0000000200130013 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000
head: 00fff00000000040 ffff888100a82280 dead000000000100 dead000000000122
head: 0000000000000000 0000000200130013 00000000f5000000 0000000000000000
head: 00fff00000000002 ffffffffffffff01 00000000ffffffff 00000000ffffffff
head: ffffffffffffffff 0000000000000000 00000000ffffffff 0000000000000004
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
page_owner tracks the page as allocated
page last allocated via order 2, migratetype Unmovable, gfp_mask 0xf2820(GFP_ATOMIC|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY|__GFP_MEMALLOC|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_NOMEMALLOC), pid 5192, tgid 5192 (udevd), ts 75284032832
 set_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:33 [inline]
 post_alloc_hook+0xfd/0x120 mm/page_alloc.c:1856
 prep_new_page mm/page_alloc.c:1864 [inline]
 get_page_from_freelist+0x1113/0x35e0 mm/page_alloc.c:3935
 __alloc_frozen_pages_noprof+0x2bd/0x3280 mm/page_alloc.c:5444
 alloc_slab_page mm/slub.c:3384 [inline]
 allocate_slab mm/slub.c:3499 [inline]
 new_slab+0xb1/0x6d0 mm/slub.c:3550
 refill_objects+0xe3/0x410 mm/slub.c:7539
 refill_sheaf mm/slub.c:2917 [inline]
 __pcs_replace_empty_main+0x35e/0x650 mm/slub.c:4811
 alloc_from_pcs mm/slub.c:4887 [inline]
 slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:5021 [inline]
 kmem_cache_alloc_node_noprof+0x4ed/0x6e0 mm/slub.c:5105
 kmalloc_reserve+0x148/0x350 net/core/skbuff.c:616
 __alloc_skb+0x185/0x710 net/core/skbuff.c:716
 __netdev_alloc_skb+0x7a/0x980 net/core/skbuff.c:778
 netdev_alloc_skb include/linux/skbuff.h:3521 [inline]
 dev_alloc_skb include/linux/skbuff.h:3534 [inline]
 __ieee80211_beacon_get+0xba9/0x1f00 net/mac80211/tx.c:5947
 ieee80211_beacon_get_tim+0xa6/0x280 net/mac80211/tx.c:6069
 ieee80211_beacon_get include/net/mac80211.h:5936 [inline]
 mac80211_hwsim_beacon_tx+0x4c8/0xa00 drivers/net/wireless/virtual/mac80211_hwsim_main.c:2512
 __iterate_interfaces+0x2e6/0x650 net/mac80211/util.c:775
 ieee80211_iterate_active_interfaces_atomic+0x71/0x1b0 net/mac80211/util.c:811
 mac80211_hwsim_beacon+0xe5/0x2a0 drivers/net/wireless/virtual/mac80211_hwsim_main.c:2548
page last free pid 7136 tgid 7135 ts 74943132413 stack trace:
 reset_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:26 [inline]
 __free_pages_prepare mm/page_alloc.c:1403 [inline]
 __free_frozen_pages+0x7b4/0x1110 mm/page_alloc.c:2954
 device_release+0xd2/0x270 drivers/base/core.c:2640
 kobject_cleanup lib/kobject.c:689 [inline]
 kobject_release lib/kobject.c:720 [inline]
 kref_put include/linux/kref.h:65 [inline]
 kobject_put+0x1f7/0x640 lib/kobject.c:737
 netdev_run_todo+0xa36/0x1620 net/core/dev.c:12021
 rtnl_unlock net/core/rtnetlink.c:157 [inline]
 rtnl_net_unlock include/linux/rtnetlink.h:139 [inline]
 rtnl_dellink+0x47e/0xb30 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3739
 rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x95e/0xe90 net/core/rtnetlink.c:7169
 netlink_rcv_skb+0x159/0x420 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2584
 netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1335 [inline]
 netlink_unicast+0x668/0x950 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1361
 netlink_sendmsg+0x9ac/0x10c0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1920
 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:800 [inline]
 __sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:818 [inline]
 ____sys_sendmsg+0xa99/0xc30 net/socket.c:2715
 ___sys_sendmsg+0x190/0x1e0 net/socket.c:2769
 __sys_sendmsg+0x160/0x210 net/socket.c:2801
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:61 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x123/0x790 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:84
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

Memory state around the buggy address:
 ffff888055b24000: fa fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
 ffff888055b24080: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
>ffff888055b24100: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
                      ^
 ffff888055b24180: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
 ffff888055b24200: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
==================================================================
----------------
Code disassembly (best guess):
   0:	cc                   	int3
   1:	cc                   	int3
   2:	cc                   	int3
   3:	cc                   	int3
   4:	cc                   	int3
   5:	cc                   	int3
   6:	cc                   	int3
   7:	cc                   	int3
   8:	cc                   	int3
   9:	cc                   	int3
   a:	cc                   	int3
   b:	cc                   	int3
   c:	cc                   	int3
   d:	cc                   	int3
   e:	cc                   	int3
   f:	cc                   	int3
  10:	cc                   	int3
  11:	cc                   	int3
  12:	cc                   	int3
  13:	cc                   	int3
  14:	cc                   	int3
  15:	cc                   	int3
  16:	cc                   	int3
  17:	cc                   	int3
  18:	cc                   	int3
  19:	cc                   	int3
  1a:	cc                   	int3
  1b:	cc                   	int3
  1c:	cc                   	int3
  1d:	cc                   	int3
  1e:	cc                   	int3
  1f:	cc                   	int3
  20:	cc                   	int3
  21:	cc                   	int3
  22:	cc                   	int3
  23:	cc                   	int3
  24:	cc                   	int3
  25:	cc                   	int3
  26:	cc                   	int3
  27:	cc                   	int3
  28:	cc                   	int3
  29:	cc                   	int3
* 2a:	c3                   	ret <-- trapping instruction
  2b:	cc                   	int3
  2c:	66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 	data16 cs nopw 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
  33:	00 00 00 00
  37:	0f 1f 00             	nopl   (%rax)
  3a:	e9 bb e1 85 f5       	jmp    0xf585e1fa
  3f:	cc                   	int3

Crashes (1):
Time Kernel Commit Syzkaller Config Log Report Syz repro C repro VM info Assets (help?) Manager Title
2026/11/05 01:46 upstream 05441d697f7f 2ee8459f .config console log report info [disk image (non-bootable)] [vmlinux] [kernel image] ci-qemu-upstream KASAN: slab-use-after-free Read in xfrm_input
* Struck through repros no longer work on HEAD.